Seabed geology of the UK’s continental shelf, fine-scale maps providing detailed and accurate characterisation of the seabed geology, integrating substrate geology, structural geology and seabed geomorphology. Areas covered Anglesey, Bristol Channel, Dorset, East Anglia and Offshore Yorkshire. Mapping is based primarily on high-resolution bathymetry data produced by the UK Civil Hydrography Programme (CHP). Analysis and interpretation are further informed by secondary data and information resources, including; acoustic backscatter, physical samples (for example grabs, cores and boreholes), seismic data, academic and publicly accessible industry data and literature, and previous BGS mapping (onshore and offshore). The CHP is administered by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA), with technical oversight, data validation and onward charting undertaken by the UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO). The new fine-scale BGS Seabed Geology mapping comprise three complimentary components (or layers); substrate geology: distribution of bedrock and superficial geological units interpreted to be dominant within the top 1 m below seabed, structural geology: principal structural features such as faults and folds observed at rockhead and seabed geomorphology: physical morphology and interpreted geomorphic character of the seabed. These detailed geological digital maps are intended as enabling resources to better inform multiple offshore activities, research, and management of the marine environment. However, the seabed is a dynamic environment, where sediments may be in constant motion and sediment waves may migrate across the seafloor, burying or exposing the underlying hard substrate. Therefore, this data should not be relied on for local or site-specific geology. The mapping presented has been developed at a scale of 1:10 000 and should not be used at finer scales. Further detail on the mapping process and dataset characteristics are described within individual dataset user guides.

Magnetograms are records of variations in the strength and direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. Historically these magnetograms were recorded on paper using photographic techniques. In the UK, measurements were made at eight long-running observatories; Abinger, Eskdalemuir, Falmouth, Greenwich, Hartland, Kew, Lerwick, and Stonyhurst. BGS also hold magnetogram records from the Cape Evans observatory that ran continuously at Robert Falcon Scott’s Antarctic base camp during the British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13. The magnetogram collection, one of the longest running geomagnetic series in the world, provides a continuous record of more than 160 years of UK measurements. These magnetograms start in the 1840s and end in 1986 at which time digital recording of the magnetic field took over and magnetograms can be produced by computer graphic. The plots show variation in the Earth's magnetic field, typically over a 24-hour period. The collection is a valuable, partly untapped data resource for studying geomagnetic storms, space weather and the evolution of the Earth’s magnetic field. The magnetograms provide insight into: • the Earth’s outer core: long-term change (years to centuries) in the dynamo that sustains our magnetic field • space weather: short-term changes (seconds to days) in near-Earth space and on the ground • space climate: long-term change (decades to centuries) in solar activity and consequences for Earth’s environment All the above have an impact on human activities. For example, bad space weather affects technologies that we increasingly rely on, such as electrical power and GPS networks. In response to the threat of loss from degradation due to age and a desire to preserve and exploit old data, BGS undertook a programme of work to digitally photograph, archive and preserve the analogue paper records of magnetic field variation in the United Kingdom. Between 2009 and 2013, high-quality digital images of every available magnetogram were taken. These images are available to search online. Scientists and the general public around the world can now gain easy access to this historical dataset.

The United Kingdom Minerals Yearbook is an annual publication providing comprehensive statistical data on minerals production, consumption and trade, and includes commentary on the UK's minerals industry. It contains: essential guidance for decision makers reliable and up-to-date information authoritative commentary on current developments It is of value to all those interested in the many facets of Britain's minerals industry and its contribution to the national economy. This publication forms part of Britain's continuous mining and quarrying record.

This dataset collection contains manual and instrumented snow measurements collected at Camp Raven, located on the southwest sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet, during May and August 2024. The measurements were made as part of the ICECAPS-MELT (Integrated Characterization of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state, and Precipitation - MEasurements along Lagrangian Transects) project, which extends the long-term ICECAPS program to include surface and snowpack processes relevant to Greenland's mass balance and surface energy budget. These data provide detailed information on the stratigraphy and physical properties of the near-surface snowpack, offering insight into seasonal evolution and melt-related transformations. The dataset collection includes: - Manual snow density - from 1-m snow profiles (two profiles in May, one in August). - Permittivity-based snow density - from a dielectric probe applied to the same profiles (two profiles in May, one in August). - Manual shear strength - from mechanical shear strength measurements in 1-m profiles (two profiles in May, one in August). - Snow specific surface area (SSA) - from field optical methods (two profiles in May, one in August). - Manual snow properties - layer identification, hand hardness, and snow grain size and habit (two profiles in May, one in August). Together, these datasets provide a comprehensive view of snow physical properties across the early melt season (May) and peak summer (August), allowing comparisons of density, strength, and microstructural characteristics. The Camp Raven observations complement the broader ICECAPS-MELT suite of measurements by linking surface meteorological and radiative conditions with snowpack evolution on the southwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. This work was US-led, US-UK collaboration co-funded by the US National Science Foundation and the UK National Environment Research Council.

In-situ airborne observations by the DO228-212 /D-CFFU - DLR aircraft aircraft for HyMountEcos- Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Mountain Ecosystems (HYMOUNTECOS).

ACID-PRUF was a three year NERC directed programme that investigated the complex interaction of aerosols and clouds. The overall aims of ACID-PRUF were to reduce the uncertainty in the radiative forcing associated with the aerosol indirect effects though a targeted laboratory and modelling programme. This dataset collection contains measurements of freezing fraction of water solution droplets-solute and suspended matter during the immersion freezing of pollen extracts (birch pollen, Betula fontinalis occidentalis, Sigma-Aldrich, P6895-1G), with a new cold electrodynamic balance (CEDB).

The Cambridge Chemical Assimilation Data was produced as part of the Assimilation of Remote-sensed Data for Applications in the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences (ARDAAOS) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) thematic programme. It presents Chemical assimilation data from multiple sources, which is processed into a common file format making it easy to compare data from the various field campaigns and satellite missions.

The data on this 2 CD set was derived from the the first Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-1) which was a four-channel, dual-view, infra-red radiometer capable of measuring Sea Surface Temperature to very high accuracy (better the 0.3K). The instrument was launched on the ESA remote sensing satellite (ERS-1) in July 1991. The dataset consists of two types of data product: (a) Spatially averaged sea surface temperatures (ASSTs) and (b) Time averaged global maps. The ASSTs are provided daily in half-degree cells together with with temporal and positional confidence information. The time-averaged global maps are provided at half degree resolution averaged over 5 day and 1 month periods. The data on the CDs cover the four year period from August 1991 to July 1995 inclusive. The Principal Investigator for ATSR-1 is Chris Mutlow at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL).

Infrared radiances from the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) instrument, mounted on the Nimbus-7 satellite, were stored on a Radiance Archive Tape (RAT). RAT data was used to derive a series of products, two of which are held here. Firstly, the LIMS Inverted Profile Archival Tape (LAIPAT). This dataset contains radiances (from RAT), which are used to derive daily inverted profiles of temperature, and mixing ratios, water vapour, nitric acid, and nitrogen dioxide. Profiles are geolocated. Secondly, the LIMS Map Archival Tape (LAMAT). This dataset is processed to create daily maps in the form of Fourier coefficients for each parameter at 18 pressure levels (from 0.05 to 100 mbar). Data are organised into 38 4 deg. latitude bands. Data for the daily maps are interpolated to the two synoptic time (0000 GMT for night and 1200 GMT for day). Also included is the day/night combined (averaged) data. This dataset is public. Please note that a major reprocessing of the Nimbus 7 LIMS data has recently been completed. The purpose of this activity is to take advantage of the changes in the spectral line parameters that have occurred since the original archived version was created and to generate a data version that is compatible with the UARS data sets. Improvements in the algorithm have also been made. More information is available from the LIMS homepage at http://lims.gats-inc.com/ and version 6 data can be downloaded from GES DAAC.

Data from the DIAMET (DIAbatic influences on Mesoscale structures in ExTratropical storms, NE/I005234/1) project, part of the Storms Risk Mitigation NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) research programme 2009-2014. DIAMET used the FAAM (Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements) BAE-146 aircraft, ground-based and airborne instruments and radar together with modelling studies to forge a better understanding and prediction of mesoscale structures in synoptic-scale storms. This is determined by focusing an incident laser beam on particles, and whenever a particle passes through the beam, a shadow is generated and imaged onto the diode array. These images are part of this dataset along with flight summaries. The DIAMET project aimed to better the understanding and prediction of mesoscale structures in synoptic-scale storms. Such structures include fronts, rain bands, secondary cyclones, sting jets etc, and are important because much of the extreme weather we experience (e.g. strong winds, heavy rain) comes from such regions. Weather forecasting models are able to capture some of this activity correctly, but there is much still to learn. By a combination of measurements and modelling, mainly using the Met Office Unified Model (UM), the project worked to better understand how mesoscale processes in cyclones give rise to severe weather and how they can be better represented in models and better forecast. The project is organised into three sections. Real mesoscale structures in the atmosphere have been examined, using high-resolution in situ and radar measurements to derive their morphology and dynamics. The key to the latter is to calculate the production of potential vorticity by diabatic processes - especially phase changes of water (vapour/liquid/ice) and air-sea fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The associated high-resolution modelling programme will use the UM to simulate a representative number of events, diagnosing the PV tendency in the model and comparing with the measurements. Sensitivity studies and further diagnostics with the model will reveal the sensitivity of the forecasts to the correct representation of these processes and the dynamical consequences of diabatically-generated PV, both on the mesoscale and larger scales. Two student projects have investigated the role of boundary-layer processes in storm behaviour and conduct a statistical investigation of mesoscale precipitation features, based on archived radar and wind profiler data. Examination of particular physical processes and the way these are represented in forecast models. Convection cannot be explicitly represented in current large-scale models (it is just beginning to be resolvable by high-resolution local-area models) so it needs to be parameterised. The schemes that are used are not optimised for mid-latitude storms, where convection often initiates at altitude rather than at the Earth's surface. A combination of novel diagnostics and new (or modified) schemes aimed at improving the representation of convection will be developed. Also addressed here will be the derivation of air-sea fluxes of heat and momentum from aircraft flights, and their use (as part of a larger, ongoing international project) to derive a better parameterisation for these quantities in high wind conditions. Lastly, microphysical measurements made with the FAAM aircraft will be used to derive latent heating/cooling rates as a function of the microphysical environment and used to improve the model simulations in the first WP and to improve microphysical parameterisations in the UM. The problem of predictability will be addressed using a combination of ensemble and data assimilation techniques. A unique archive of forecast ensembles produced at the Met Office will be exploited to determine how well the forecast ensemble actually generates realistic mesoscale features, and the skill with which this is done (using standard measures of skill). Model errors in representing convection, air-sea fluxes and microphysics will be investigated to determine their impact on the forecasts for different flow conditions. The relationship between different model variables on the mesoscale is poorly known at present and this will be investigated using ensembles and the results of the measurement programme. Finally, novel approaches to data assimilation will be investigated.