Rheometry data on ash from Mt Meager, British Columbia, Canada. All measurements that generated these data were performed using an Anton Paar MCR302 rotational rheometer with an Anton Paar powder flow cell attached. The rotating measuring geometry is 24.16 mm in diameter and contains 20 evenly spaced depressions of 1.75 mm that extend the entire length of the measuring cylinder. The profiled nature of this geometry prevents particle slip during rotation. Shear rate sweeps were performed to characterise the rheological behaviour of our pyroclast-gas mixtures. ~50 g of sample (ash from Mt Meager, British Columbia, Canada) was loaded into the powder flow cell with the measuring geometry inserted. Then for a constant gas flux applied to the base of the powder flow cell, the measuring geometry was rotated to apply a range of shear rates starting at 0.1 s-1 ramping up to 328 s-1 with approximately 20 data points generated per decade. These shear rate sweeps were performed for monodisperse grain sizes from 500 µm to 63 µm at a range of volumetric gas flow rates. Specifically for the 500 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 L min-1. For the 250 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 L min-1. For the 125 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 L min-1. For the 63 µm sample the rheology experiments were performed at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 L min-1.

The data set presents major and trace element geochemical data obtained from ICP-MS measurements on micro-drilled subsamples of ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from Tropic Seamount, north-east Atlantic Ocean. The data represent detailed stratigraphic analysis of Fe-Mn crust samples 078_019 and 085_004. These samples were collected at 3100 and 1100 meters beneath sea level, respectively, during the JC142 expedition of the RRS James Cook for the MarineE-Tech project in 2016.

Data extracted from simulations of rapidly-rotating Boussinesq convection driven by internal heating in a full sphere and published in Guervilly & Cardin, 2017, Geophys. J. Int. 211, 455-471 (DOI:10.1093/gji/ggx315). The simulations were run for Ekman numbers of 1e-7 and 1e-8 and Prandtl numbers of 0.1 and 0.01. The data consist of tables of input and output parameters (Reynolds number of the convective and zonal flows, convective lengthscale and Rhines scale).

Concentration data used to calculate sodium adsorption ratios for sediments collected from Tilling Farm and Warton sands saltmarshes. Extracts for cation analysis were prepared using methods highlighted in Rowell 1994 and Chirol 2021 (SAR = [Na+] /([Ca2+] + [Mg2+])0.5 with the concentration in mmol-1). Final cation conentrations and dilutions were calculated using sediment mass in 'mass for SAR calc'. Quality control (QC) for ICP analysis are also provided. SAmples were collected from varying depths and in triplicate.

The dataset contains details of field collection of groundwater samples with use of different water intake devices and the measurement results of gaseous compounds (methane) obtained during analytical method validation performed in order to develop a methodology of groundwater sampling for analysis of dissolved gases. The dataset is not intended to be used for any site characterisation. Sampling sites were chosen based on high probability of occurrence of measureable methane content in groundwater. Furthermore, the data will be used for formal procedure to obtain the methodology accreditation from the Polish Centre for Accreditation (PCA). The dataset was created within SECURe project (Subsurface Evaluation of CCS and Unconventional Risks) - https://www.securegeoenergy.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 764531

Whole rock geochemical data from the Alpine Fault Zone. These data have been generated from systematic sampling through the Deep Fault Drilling Project - Phase 1 rock cores and from analyses of cuttings retrieved during the Deep Fault Drilling Project - Phase 2. Geochemical analyses on the fault rocks to understand the conditions at which they were deformed. The dataset is associated with the UK component of a major international campaign, the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP). to drill a series of holes into the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. The overarching aim of the DFDP to understand better the processes that lead to major earthquakes by taking cores and observing a major continental fault during its build up to a large seismic event.

Complete major and trace element analyses of all samples investigated under project component chalcophile element processing beneath arc volcanic systems, within NE/M000427/1 (see Cox et al., EPSL, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.017 and Cox et al., Geology, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1130/G47562.1). Samples include an extensive dataset from Antuco volcano, Chile, and further analyses of young volcanic rocks from multiple Chilean stratovolcanoes and monogenetic centres. Standard data are also provided.

IDA267644 Methane and CO2 gas concentrations and stable isotope analyses of select core samples from GGC01 borehole of the Glasgow UKGEOS facility. Core samples were collected approximately every 10m depth in gas tight isojars by the BGS. Geochemical gas analyses was carried out at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) and consisted of bulk concentration analysis using gas chromatography; followed by δ13CCH4, δ13CCO2, and δD stable isotope analyses on a methane combustion line (full methods attached). This data was collected to investigate the variability of gas fingerprints with depth within the Glasgow coal mine workings, and unmined Carboniferous coal measures. Samples and data are derived from the UK Geoenergy Observatories Programme funded by the UKRI Natural Environment Research Council and delivered by the British Geological Survey.

This data is the analysis of the river water of the paper: Wilson et al. (20 "Compartmentalisation and groundwater–surface water interactions in a prospective shale gas basin: Assessment using variance analysis and multivariate statistics on water quality data" Hydrological Processes 34:3271–3294 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.13795) The data is from two sampling campaigns sampling the rivers of the Wyre and Ribble catchments in north west England. The river water samples were collected to test whether groundwater compartmentalisation observed in the underlying aquifers impacted the surface water quality. The compartmentalisation of the aquifer is important because this has been shown to control the vulnerability of water resources to pollution from facking fluids injected at depths of 1000's m.

Glass major element geochemical data on Late Quaternary tephra deposits from the Main Ethiopian Rift volcanoes. These data were acquired using Electron Microprobe Analysis, and secondary standard data (MPI-DING glasses) are also included. All samples were given a unique name related to the outcrop from which they were obtained. Outcrops are named "MER" followed by a 3-digit number (e.g. MER153). Samples from a given outcrops are given the same name, followed by a letter (e.g. MER153A). Outcrop localities, with GPS coordinates (Lat Long WGS84) and brief description of the geology are also included. These data are published as Supplementary Files to a paper published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research: Fontijn et al (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.02.001.