'Are tropical uplands regional hotspots for methane and nitrous oxide?' was a NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) funded project from 2010-2015 with the following grant references NE/H007849/1, NE/H006753/1 and NE/H006583/2. This dataset collection contains in-situ ground based soil-atmosphere flux and soil condition measurements from 4 different ecosystems located in the Peruvian Andes over ~2.5 years between 2010-2013. The ecosystems included upper montane forest (Wayqecha), lower montane forest (San Pedro), premontane forest (Villa Carmen) and grassland sites. At present, data are only available for 3 ecosystems; Wayqecha, San Pedro and Villa Carman. However, the grassland dataset will follow shortly along with some model output.

The dataset contains concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which were collected in discrete air samples between 5th January 2011 and 4th July 2013 by the University of Aberdeen Thermo TRACE Gas Chromatograph Ultra at Tres Cruces, a montane grassland ecosystem ground site, in the Peruvian Andes. Data were collected for the NERC project: 'Are tropical uplands regional hotspots for methane and nitrous oxide?' (NERC grant awards: NE/H007849/1, NE/H006753/1 and NE/H006583/2).

The dataset contains concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane which were collected in discrete air samples during intensive seasonal campaigns in November 2011 and August 2012 by the University of St Andrews Thermo TRACE Gas Chromatograph Ultra at Tres Cruces, a montane grassland ecosystem ground site, in the Peruvian Andes. Data were collected for the NERC project: 'Are tropical uplands regional hotspots for methane and nitrous oxide?' (NERC grant awards: NE/H007849/1, NE/H006753/1 and NE/H006583/2).

The dataset contains concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which were collected in discrete air samples between 15th December 2010 and 6th July 2013 by the University of St Andrews Thermo TRACE Gas Chromatograph Ultra at San Pedro, a lower montane forest ecosystem ground site, in the Peruvian Andes. Data were collected for the NERC project: 'Are tropical uplands regional hotspots for methane and nitrous oxide?' (NERC grant awards: NE/H007849/1, NE/H006753/1 and NE/H006583/2).

This dataset comprises four distinct shapefiles, which were used to demonstrate how glacier ELA is affected by volcanic thermal conditions, in the Andes, South America. With the exception of ''139_Remapped_Glaciers.shp'', the shapefiles are obtained from existing, open access data from the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI 6.0) and the Global Volcanism Program 2013, but with the addition of information, in the shapefile''s attribute table, relevant to the study of the interaction between glaciers and volcanoes, as obtained via the GIS analysis of these datasets. The ''600_RGI_Glaciers.shp'' shapefile comprises 600 (land-terminating, no debris-covered, > 0.1 km2) glacier polygons, which are located within 15 km from a Holocene (erupted in the past 10,000 years) volcano in South America. Crucially, the equilibrium line altitude (i.e., the elevation on the glacier where the surface mass balance, measured over 1 yr, is zero) and distance to the nearest volcano for each glacier is reported in the attribute table. The ''37_GVP_Volacanoes.shp'' shapefile contains points for 37 South America Holocene volcanoes which have glaciers both within 1 km (volcanic-glaciers), and between 1 and 15 km (proximal glaciers). For each volcano, the difference in ELA between volcanic (<1km from volcano) and proximal (1-15 km) glaciers is reported in the attribute table, along with mean temperature and precipitation. The ''139_Remapped_Glaciers.shp'' shapefile provides detailed and updated (relative to RGI) mapping of glaciers (as polygons) that are located within 15 km from 13 South America Holocene volcanoes for which thermal anomaly is known. The ELA of these glaciers is calculated and reported in the attribute table. The ''13_AVTOD_Volacanoes.shp'' shapefile comprises the points for 13 Holocene volcanoes that have glaciers both within 1 km (volcanic-glaciers), and between 1 and 15 km (proximal glaciers) from their centre, as well as recorded thermal anomaly. The glacier ELA and volcano thermal data provided in the attribute table allows us to establish the quantitative relationship between volcanoes and glaciers. A detailed description of the study based on this dataset is provided in Howcutt et al. (2023). This project and data were supported by the NERC Global Partnerships Seedcorn fund (NE/W003724/1).

Based on the bias-corrected WRF data and the statistically downscaled CMIP5 data (see related datasets), six climate change detection indices are calculated, based on the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Each index is calculated for the control period (1980-2018) from the bias-corrected WRF data, and the future (2019-2100) for each of the 30 CMIP5 models. Six of the ETCCDI climate indices are calculated here (taken from Zhang (2011)): the simple precipitation intensity index describing the total annual precipitation on wet days; the annual total precipitation falling on days where precipitation is above the 95th percentile of the 1980-2018 period; the number of dry days (precipitation under 1 mm) in a year (a variation on "continuous dry days" given in Zhang (2011); the annual average monthly maximum temperature; the warm spell duration index describing the annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days above the 90th percentile of daily maximum temperature from 1980-2018; the number of frost days (minimum daily temperature below 0 deg C). These data were corrected as part of the PEGASUS (Producing EnerGy and preventing hAzards from SUrface water Storage in Peru) and Peru GROWS (Peruvian Glacier Retreat and its Impact on Water Security) projects. The datasets were created to assess future climate in the Peruvian Andes. The data were created on the JASMIN supercomputer. The creation of this data was conducted under the Peru GROWS and PEGASUS projects, which were both funded by NERC (grants NE/S013296/1 and NE/S013318/1, respectively) and CONCYTEC through the Newton-Paulet Fund. The Peruvian part of the Peru GROWS project was conducted within the framework of the call E031-2018-01-NERC "Glacier Research Circles", through its executing unit FONDECYT (Contract No. 08-2019-FONDECYT).

The dataset contains concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which were collected in discrete air samples between 17th December 2010 and 5th July 2013 by the University of St Andrews Thermo TRACE Gas Chromatograph Ultra at Wayqecha, an upper montane forest ecosystem ground site, in the Peruvian Andes. Data were collected tor the NERC project: 'Are tropical uplands regional hotspots for methane and nitrous oxide?' (NERC grant awards: NE/H007849/1, NE/H006753/1 and NE/H006583/2).

Temperature and precipitation data from the Weather Research and Forecasting model are bias-corrected against observations to create these bias-corrected gridded datasets over the Rio Santa River Basin (in the Cordillera Blanca) at 4 km horizontal resolution (d02), the Vilcanota-Urubamba region at 4 km horizontal resolution (d03) and the upper region of the Rio Santa River Basin at 800 m horizontal resolution (d04). The raw WRF data can be found in the related dataset. Full details of the bias-correction can be found in Fyffe et al., (2021). These data were corrected as part of the PEGASUS (Producing EnerGy and preventing hAzards from SUrface water Storage in Peru) and Peru GROWS (Peruvian Glacier Retreat and its Impact on Water Security) projects. The datasets were created to assess past climate in the Peruvian Andes, as a basis to determine future climate in the region, and as an input for glaciological and hydrological models. The data were created using the British Antarctic Survey high performance computer. The creation of this data was conducted under the Peru GROWS and PEGASUS projects, which were both funded by NERC (grants NE/S013296/1 and NE/S013318/1, respectively) and CONCYTEC through the Newton-Paulet Fund. The Peruvian part of the Peru GROWS project was conducted within the framework of the call E031-2018-01-NERC "Glacier Research Circles", through its executing unit FONDECYT (Contract No. 08-2019-FONDECYT).

Precipitation and near-surface temperature data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5 models) are statistically downscaled to create these gridded datasets over the Rio Santa River Basin (in the Cordillera Blanca; d02) and the Vilcanota-Urubamba region (d03) at 4 km horizontal resolution, from 2019-2100. The bias-corrected WRF data found in the related dataset are used as the observational truth for the historical period 1980-2018, and the data are downscaled using an empirical quantile mapping technique. Two representative concentration pathways (RCP) have been downscaled, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, from 30 CMIP5 models. The daily total precipitation and daily minimum and maximum temperature at 2 m are downscaled, and the daily average and monthly average temperatures are calculated using the hourly temperature (not archived due to space constraints). The potential evapotranspiration is estimated from the downscaled precipitation and temperature data, using the Hargreaves equation. These data were corrected as part of the PEGASUS (Producing EnerGy and preventing hAzards from SUrface water Storage in Peru) and Peru GROWS (Peruvian Glacier Retreat and its Impact on Water Security) projects. The datasets were created to assess future climate in the Peruvian Andes, as a basis to determine future climate in the region, and as an input for glaciological and hydrological models. The data were created on the JASMIN supercomputer. The creation of this data was conducted under the Peru GROWS and PEGASUS projects, which were both funded by NERC (grants NE/S013296/1 and NE/S013318/1, respectively) and CONCYTEC through the Newton-Paulet Fund. The Peruvian part of the Peru GROWS project was conducted within the framework of the call E031-2018-01-NERC "Glacier Research Circles", through its executing unit FONDECYT (Contract No. 08-2019-FONDECYT).

The dataset contains concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which were collected in discrete air samples between 23rd July 2011 and 8th July 2013 by the University of St Andrews Thermo TRACE Gas Chromatograph Ultra at Villa Carmen, a premontane forest ecosystem ground site, in the Peruvian Andes. Data were collected for the NERC project: 'Are tropical uplands regional hotspots for methane and nitrous oxide?' (NERC grant awards: NE/H007849/1, NE/H006753/1 and NE/H006583/2).