The data resource collates novel measurements of the rhenium isotope geochemistry of various materials measured between 2019 and 2024. The data were collected as part of NERC funded research (NE/T001119) aiming to constrain the behavior of the rhenium isotope system at Earth's surface. Sampling, analyses and data collation were undertaken at Royal Holloway, Durham University and the University of Oxford. The main outputs include: Table 1 - Measurements of Icelandic groundwaters and hydrothermal systems, samples collected in September 2021 from locations around Iceland, and analysed 2021-2023. Table 2 - Measurements on multiple shale weathering profiles from sites across the USA, New Zealand, collected in the 1990s (USA) and 2018 (New Zealand), and measured between 2020-2022. Table 3 - Rhenium isotope measurements on the Eagle Ford Shale, USA, collected in the 2010s and analysed between 2021-2024. Table 4 - Rhenium elemental and isotopic measurements in igneous rocks from Iceland (Helka magmatic evolution sequence collected in the 2000s and 2010s) and Mid-Ocean Ridge in Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and analysed in 2019-2024. Table 5 - Rhenium isotopes in river sediments and river waters of the northern Mackenzie River basin, Canada, delta region, including Peel and Arctic Red Rivers. Materials were collected between 2017 and 2018 and analysed in 2019. Table 6 - Rhenium isotope measurements on Jurassic aged sedimentary rocks from the MOCHRAS core. Materials were processed and analysed between 2022 and 2025. Together, these data provide a step change in our understanding of the rhenium isotope system and how it can be applied to understand pressing environmental science questions. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/a9bc6c28-cee5-4bf9-8539-d112c0a4c3d4

The chemistry of mafic volcanic rocks and minor intrusions erupted on continents can be used to define the composition and history of subcontinental asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle domains. We have produced new and collated published data for Antarctica in order to identify mantle domains beneath the continent. Suitable material archived at the British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, the result of previous geological research, was sampled and prepared for petrographic and geochemical analysis in the intervening period between field collection and sample arrival in the United Kingdom. Field information, petrography and raw geochemical data obtained from XRF (X-ray fluorescence), ICPMS (Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer), TIMS (Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer), Ar/Ar analysis and Electron Microprobe analysis of rock samples collected from Palmer Land and Graham Land was used to define a geochemical profile of crust/mantle architecture beneath the Antarctic Peninsula.

The files include full analytical details and datasets from the laboratories used for the acquisition of U-Pb zircon geochronology and Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry. The data were collected in the interval September 2022 to January 2023 across a number of laboratories: Stockholm, University College London and Australian National University (U-Pb zircon geochronology); British Geological Survey (Lu-isotopes). The analyses were conducted by Teal Riley (Stockholm, British Geological Survey), Ian Millar (Australian National University) and Andrew Carter (University College London). The analyses were conducted to examine the provenance and depositional history of the Fossil Bluff Group fore arc basin sediments of Alexander Island. NERC N-ALI funding to Geology & Geophysics.

This dataset comprises data from a series of peat cores extracted from Site KER1, Kerguelen Island. Data includes: 1 mm-scale (contiguous) spectra count per second (cps) chemical element data from composite downcore X-ray Fluorescence Core Scan (XRF-CS) geochemical data, ~1 cm-scale (interval) Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) geochemical and subsample data, 5 mm-scale (interval) Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) data, and sedimentological parameters. The data set was used in conjunction with other peat core records from five sites on four sub-Antarctic Islands for calibration of XRF-CS to ICPMS to quantify high resolution XRF-CS to enable dust flux calculations at high resolution. This research was funded by NERC Standard Grant NE/K004514/1 (DAH, SJR). Field programmes were supported by the British Antarctic Survey (CASS126, Bird Island), NERC (Late Quaternary changes in the Westerly Winds over the Southern Ocean NERC PhD 1772184), Instituto Antartico Chileno (Isla Hermite), South African National Antarctic Program (Marion Island), and the Swiss Polar Institute, Antarctic Circumpolar Expedition (ACE09, Marion Island, Iles Kerguelen). The NERC/SUERC AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) Radiocarbon Facility, the LMC-14 staff (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14, Paris Saclay) and the ARTEMIS national instrument (LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ-IRD-IRSN-MC) provided some of the radiocarbon dates.

This dataset comprises data from a series of peat cores extracted from Site KER3, Kerguelen Island. Data includes: 1 mm-scale (contiguous) spectra count per second (cps) chemical element data from composite downcore X-ray Fluorescence Core Scan (XRF-CS) geochemical data, ~1 cm-scale (interval) Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) geochemical and subsample data, 5 mm-scale (interval) Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) data, and sedimentological parameters. The data set was used in conjunction with other peat core records from five sites on four sub-Antarctic Islands for calibration of XRF-CS to ICPMS to quantify high resolution XRF-CS to enable dust flux calculations at high resolution. This research was funded by NERC Standard Grant NE/K004514/1 (DAH, SJR). Field programmes were supported by the British Antarctic Survey (CASS126, Bird Island), NERC (Late Quaternary changes in the Westerly Winds over the Southern Ocean NERC PhD 1772184), Instituto Antartico Chileno (Isla Hermite), South African National Antarctic Program (Marion Island), and the Swiss Polar Institute, Antarctic Circumpolar Expedition (ACE09, Marion Island, Iles Kerguelen). The NERC/SUERC AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) Radiocarbon Facility, the LMC-14 staff (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14, Paris Saclay) and the ARTEMIS national instrument (LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ-IRD-IRSN-MC) provided some of the radiocarbon dates.

This dataset comprises data from a series of peat cores extracted from Site HER42PB on Isla Hermite, Chile. Data includes: 1 mm-scale (contiguous) spectra count per second (cps) chemical element data from composite downcore X-ray Fluorescence Core Scan (XRF-CS) geochemical data, ~1 cm-scale (interval) Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) geochemical and subsample data, 5 mm-scale (interval) Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) data, and sedimentological parameters. The data set was used in conjunction with other peat core records from five sites on four sub-Antarctic Islands for calibration of XRF-CS to ICPMS to quantify high resolution XRF-CS to enable dust flux calculations at high resolution. This research was funded by NERC Standard Grant NE/K004514/1 (DAH, SJR). Field programmes were supported by the British Antarctic Survey (CASS126, Bird Island), NERC (Late Quaternary changes in the Westerly Winds over the Southern Ocean NERC PhD 1772184), Instituto Antartico Chileno (Isla Hermite), South African National Antarctic Program (Marion Island), and the Swiss Polar Institute, Antarctic Circumpolar Expedition (ACE09, Marion Island, Iles Kerguelen). The NERC/SUERC AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) Radiocarbon Facility, the LMC-14 staff (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14, Paris Saclay) and the ARTEMIS national instrument (LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ-IRD-IRSN-MC) provided some of the radiocarbon dates.

A series of peat cores were extracted from Site BI10 at Morris Point on Bird Island, South Georgia. Data includes: 1 mm-scale (contiguous) spectra count per second (cps) chemical element data from composite downcore X-ray Fluorescence Core Scan (XRF-CS) geochemical data, ~1 cm-scale (interval) Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) geochemical and subsample data, 5 mm-scale (interval) Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) data, and sedimentological parameters. The data set was used in conjunction with other peat core records from five sites on four sub-Antarctic Islands for calibration of XRF-CS to ICPMS to quantify high resolution XRF-CS to enable dust flux calculations at high resolution. This research was funded by NERC Standard Grant NE/K004514/1 (DAH, SJR). Field programmes were supported by the British Antarctic Survey (CASS126, Bird Island), NERC (Late Quaternary changes in the Westerly Winds over the Southern Ocean NERC PhD 1772184), Instituto Antartico Chileno (Isla Hermite), South African National Antarctic Program (Marion Island), and the Swiss Polar Institute, Antarctic Circumpolar Expedition (ACE09, Marion Island, Iles Kerguelen). The NERC/SUERC AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) Radiocarbon Facility, the LMC-14 staff (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14, Paris Saclay) and the ARTEMIS national instrument (LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ-IRD-IRSN-MC) provided some of the radiocarbon dates.

This dataset comprises data from a series of peat cores extracted from Site PB1 (Puise Bog site 1) on Marion Island. Data includes: 1 mm-scale (contiguous) spectra count per second (cps) chemical element data from composite downcore X-ray Fluorescence Core Scan (XRF-CS) geochemical data, ~1 cm-scale (interval) Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) geochemical and subsample data, 5 mm-scale (interval) Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) data, and sedimentological parameters. The data set was used in conjunction with other peat core records from five sites on four sub-Antarctic Islands for calibration of XRF-CS to ICPMS to quantify high resolution XRF-CS to enable dust flux calculations at high resolution. This research was funded by NERC Standard Grant NE/K004514/1 (DAH, SJR). Field programmes were supported by the British Antarctic Survey (CASS126, Bird Island), NERC (Late Quaternary changes in the Westerly Winds over the Southern Ocean NERC PhD 1772184), Instituto Antartico Chileno (Isla Hermite), South African National Antarctic Program (Marion Island), and the Swiss Polar Institute, Antarctic Circumpolar Expedition (ACE09, Marion Island, Iles Kerguelen). The NERC/SUERC AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) Radiocarbon Facility, the LMC-14 staff (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14, Paris Saclay) and the ARTEMIS national instrument (LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ-IRD-IRSN-MC) provided some of the radiocarbon dates.

Measurements of sediment properties (incl. organic and carbonate content), radionuclides (210Pb, 137Cs, 241Am) and elements (including mercury, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead) in lake sediment successions. Radionuclide dating provides a reliable chronology of sediment ages from the mid-19th century (sometimes only 20th century) to the present (2016). The dataset comprises a standardised matrix of multiple measured sediment variables (element values per mass) against stratigraphic depth for 8 lakes. In these water bodies multiple core datasets exist, one collected from the littoral zone, one of intermediate depth and one from the deepest area. The deepest core was used for 210Pb dating. The intermediate and littoral depth cores are not dated, except at Esthwaite where the littoral core (29328_ESTH_LITT.csv) had been previously collected, 210Pb dated and measured for organic and carbonate content. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/87dec506-ca7f-4b57-a605-486ec9d8cca2

This dataset contains geochemistry measurements and fossil diatom counts made on a sediment core from La Grange Cop lake, Marion Island (46deg94S, 37deg60E, 60 m above sea level). The dataset consists of diatom relative frequencies, diatom principal components analysis (PCA), and diatom-inferred conductivity, ITRAX scanning XRF elemental percentages and XRF PCA, C%, N%, and delta13C measurements, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Ages of the sediment samples were assigned based on an age depth model derived from 210Pb, 137Cs, and 14C measurements and span the last c. 700 years. This project was funded by UK Natural Environment Research Council Grant NE/K004514/1 to Dominic A Hodgson and a Research Foundation-Flanders travel bursary to Elie Verleyen.