Seventy-nine Antarctic ice core snow accumulation records were gathered as part of a community led project coordinated by the PAGES Antarctica 2k working group. Individual ice core records (kg m2 yr-1) were normalised relative to a reference period (1960-1990). The normalised records were separated into seven geographical regions and averaged together to form the regional composites. The seven geographical regions are: East Antarctica; Wilkes Land Coast; Weddell Sea Coast; Antarctic Peninsula; West Antarctic Ice Sheet; Victoria Land; and Dronning Maud Land. Full data description and methods can be found in Thomas et al., 2017. This record also includes the original data, from which the composite records were produced. Due to erroneous data contained in the files, this dataset has been superseded by a corrected version. Please use that corrected dataset in preference to this one to avoid the problem. The DOI for the updated data is: 10.5285/cc1d42de-dfe6-40aa-a1a6-d45cb2fc8293

Seventy-nine Antarctic ice core snow accumulation records were gathered as part of a community led project coordinated by the PAGES Antarctica 2k working group. Individual ice core records (kg m2 yr-1) were normalised relative to a reference period (1960-1990). The normalised records were separated into seven geographical regions and averaged together to form the regional composites. The seven geographical regions are: East Antarctica; Wilkes Land Coast; Weddell Sea Coast; Antarctic Peninsula; West Antarctic Ice Sheet; Victoria Land; and Dronning Maud Land. Full data description and methods can be found in Thomas et al., 2017. This record also includes the original data, from which the composite records were produced. This dataset represents an updated version of another published dataset. The update was necessary due to erroneous data contained in the files. Please use this corrected dataset in preference to the other one.

This dataset provides a 308 year (1703-2010) annual snow accumulation record from the Ferrigno 2010 (F10) ice core. The 136 m core was drilled on the Bryan Coast in Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, during the austral summer 2010/11. The record was measured using the summer peak in nonsea-salt (nss) SO4, in approximately January to December. Snow accumulation is converted to meters of water equivalent (weq - m) based on measured density profile and correcting for thinning using the Nye model, assuming vertical strain rate. Samples were measured at 5 cm resolution, corresponding to approximately eight samples per year. Funding was provided by the NERC grant NE/J020710/1.

This dataset provides a 308 year (1702-2009) deuterium isotope record from the Ferrigno 2010 (F10) ice core. The core was drilled on the Bryan Coast in Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, during the austral summer 2010/11. The record was measured using a Los Gatos Liquid Water Isotope Analyser at 5cm resolution, corresponding to ~14 samples per year, with annual averages calculated for January-December. Funding was provided by the NERC grant NE/J020710/1

This data compilation is a collaborative effort by the CLIVASH2k (Climate Variability in Antarctica and the Southern Hemisphere over the past 2000 years) working group, part of the PAGES2k network. The database is a compilation of sodium and sulphate records from Antarctic ice cores spanning the past 2000 years, and contains a combination of published records (sourced from public archives), and unpublished data submitted to the CLIVASH2k call. All data are provided as annual averages (Jan-Dec). This database includes the annually resolved section of each original dataset (in the annual_resolution folder) and the coarser than annual sections (in the coarse_resolution folder). Annual averages for the oldest and most recent years were only included if the available data covered more than half of the year. All concentration values are presented in parts per billion (ppb). All flux values are presented in ppb by kilogram per square meter (ppb kg m-2). Data for each species are contained in separate CSV files; Sodium concentration (Na_concentration), Sodium flux (Na_flux), Sulphate concentration (SO4_concentration), Sulphate flux (SO4_flux), Excess Sulphate (xsSO4), Excess Sulphate flux (xsSO4_flux). Each file contains the data for all sites. The Excess Sulphate and Excess Sulphate flux calculations assume that all Na comes from the ocean (according to the standard seawater ion ratio as in [Holland, 1978]). Data were submitted in both the ionic (e.g. SO42-) and elemental forms (S). Elemental S has been converted to sulphate (SO42-) by multiplying by three. A data description publication accompanies this database: Thomas et al., The CLIVASH2k ice core chemistry database: an Antarctic compilation of sodium and sulphate records spanning the past 2000 years. Earth System Science Data. This database was created with the support of the CLIVASH2k project.

Young Island is a new ice core drilling site uniquely positioned to give insight into the (sub-)Antarctic climate. This dataset contains four preliminary dating approaches that lay the foundation for the age scale of the Young Island ice core presented in Moser et al. (2021). Funding was provided to SubICE by Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, the Swiss Polar Institute, and Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc (grant no. SubICE). ERT received core funding from NERC to the British Antarctic Survey''s Ice Dynamics and Palaeoclimate programme. DEM was supported by BAS, Cambridge, and the NERC C-CLEAR doctoral training programme (grant no. NE/S007164/1). JBP received grant funding from the Australian Government.

This dataset provides an annual isotope record from the Gomez (GZ07) ice core, dating back to the 1850s. The 136 m core was drilled on the South-western Antarctic Peninsula, during January 2007. We present a new 150-year, high-resolution, stable isotope record (delta-O-18) from the Gomez ice core, drilled on the data sparse south western Antarctic Peninsula. The record is highly correlated with satellite-derived temperature reconstructions and instrumental records from Faraday station on the north west coast, thus making it a robust proxy for local and regional temperatures since the 1850s.

This dataset contains a subset of the ice core data for the ISOL-ICE core recovered from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica in January 2017 (https://doi.org/10.5285/9c972cfb-0ffa-4144-a943-da6eb82431d2). The subset reported here contains ice core data from the 1455 - 1227 AD period (60.80 - 79.45 m depth) and covers the volcanic eruption of Samalas, Indonesia in 1259. The ice core was dated by annual layer counting and identifying volcanic horizons as fixed time markers. Here we report i) the age-depth model over the 1455 - 1227 AD period, ii) high-resolution nitrate stable isotopic composition of discrete ice core samples, and iii) nitrate, sodium and magnesium mass concentrations and electrolytic meltwater conductivity from continuous flow analysis (CFA). Funding was provided by the NERC grant NE/N011813/1.

Here we provide the Palmer ice core Water-stable isotope (d18O, dD), sodium (23Na), and magnesium (24Mg) palaeo archives. The Palmer drill site (73.86 S, 65.46 W, 1897 m a.s.l.) is located on the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula, Palmer Land. The core, firn and ice, were drilled in December 2012 to a depth of 133 m below the snow surface. The Palmer ice core covers 391 years, 1621-2011 C.E. The data were measured on the British Antarctic Survey Continuous Flow Analysis system in Cambridge, UK. Data is given both on depth and temporal (annual means) scales. The d18O and dD records were measured on a CFA laser spectroscopy system and the 23Na and 24Mg data were measured on the CFA ICP-MS setup. The ice core drilling and analysis were funded by the British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, Cambridge, UK), part of UK research and innovation and NERC grant NE/J020710/1. The Palmer analysis was funded by Haus der Kulturen der Welt (HKW, Berlin, Germany), in collaboration with the Anthropocene working group (AWG).

Global monthly outputs of orography, surface air temperature and water stable isotopes (d18O) were run by the isotope-enabled atmosphere/ocean coupled model HadCM3 for the last interglacial (128 ka). An ensemble of ten idealised Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) simulations were processed, included a pre-industrial and a last interglacial control simulations. The eight other simulations used changed topography of the AIS relative to Dome C to ensure the preservation of the atmospheric pathways. The simulations were run 100 years and the last 50 years were used for the analyses. This work was funding through the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 742224, WACSWAIN) and NERC grant NE/P009271/1.