The data presented herein comprises raw and upscaled medical X-Ray CT data, MATLAB processing files and MATLAB analytical model files for the paper ‘Rate dependency of capillary heterogeneity trapping for CO2 storage’. The medical X-ray CT data is organised as three repeat experiments, each at a different flow rate. Full core scans capture the steady state core flood experiments. The core is a heterogenous Bentheimer outcrop (39 mm diameter, 15 cm length). Experimental MATLAB processing files upscale the saturation values in 3D. Post-processing MATLAB files are used to produce figures in the paper. The MATLAB analytical model files contain input parameters and code needed to run the analytical model and compare with experimental results.

This dataset contains experimentally derived measurements of sulfur solubility and speciation in silicate melts, obtained over a temperature range of 1200–1500 °C and a pressure range of 1 bar to 2.5 GPa. The experiments were conducted as part of the NERC-funded project NE/W000660/1 “The chemical behaviour of sulphur in magmas at high temperature and pressure” (2022–2025). For each experiment, the dataset includes the experimental run ID, silicate melt composition, and the experimental conditions under which the run was performed: pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity (fO?), sulfur fugacity (fS?), and run duration. The dataset also provides raw electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) for each experiment, expressed as elemental weight percentage averages. These analyses represent individual point analyses collected from polished epoxy resin mounts coated with carbon. Measurements were acquired using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) on a standard-calibrated electron microprobe. The data are intended to support investigations into the behavior of sulfur in magmatic systems, including solubility mechanisms, redox speciation, and compositional controls on sulfur partitioning between melts and other phases. The data was acquired and analysed by the experimental petrology team, at the University of Oxford, Department of Earth Sciences

Geochemical measurements which quantify the lithium isotope ratios (d7Li) of Paleozoic (541–251 Mya) mudstones. Samples were obtained from various field locations across Scotland, Wales, England and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Canada. Sampled mudstones are listed under their formation name, with information on the locations of each outcrop belt and further details on lithological characteristics, including environment of formation, freely available on the British Geological Survey Lexicon of named rock units (https://www.bgs.ac.uk/technologies/the-bgs-lexicon-of-named-rock-units/) and Government of Canada weblex (https://weblex.canada.ca/weblexnet4/weblex_e.aspx), for UK and Canadian samples, respectively. Stratigraphic age is given in accordance to the GSA geological timescale v.5.0. Following sampling, specific methodologies for preparation for Lithium isotope analysis are provided in the Metadata Lineage. The data was collected to understand changes in weathering intensity coeval with the Paleozoic expansion of land plants, with lithium isotopes a powerful trace for silicate weathering as they are sensitive to the balance between rock dissolution and clay formation. The tabulated lithium isotope ratios were compared at different temporal stages of plant evolution through the Paleozoic. Samples were collected by the University of Cambridge. Lithium isotope ratios were obtained by William McMahon and supervised by Edward Tipper and Mohd Tarique. Mass spectrometry was carried out by William McMahon and David Wilson at University College London.

[This dataset is embargoed until October 1, 2026]. This dataset reports concentrations of six antibiotics—oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethazine, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin—measured in surface water and wastewater from two catchments in India: Dera Bassi (Punjab) and Bhiwadi (Rajasthan). Samples were collected at four time points between May 2022 and June 2023 from the River Ghaggar and wastewater effluent sites. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/1a4588b8-7145-49ce-8bd5-0895d385932d

This dataset contains raw mechanical measurements of standard uniaxial tests in 1) tension; 2) compression; 3) compression with creep deformation (load hold); 4) compression with creep and mechanical oscillations. The data is used by Schaefer et al., 2023, (https://doi.org/10.55575/tektonika2023.1.1.10). Experiments consisted of 1) standard Uniaxial Compressive strength tests; 2) Brazilian tensile strength tests; 3) Creep tests in compression and tension; 4) Creep and mechanical oscillations tests in compression and tension. For experiments in 1 in compression, a rock cylinder of 20x40 mm (diameter x height) is loaded at a constant deformation rate in a uniaxial press, for each test type until 1) failure; 3) a target stress that is then held constant for 5h before moving to a different target stress and repeating the process; and 4) to a target stress that is then held for 30 mins before inducing stress oscillations for 40 minutes. The stress is then held constant at the end of oscillations for another 30 mins. Target stresses corresponded to 50; 60 and 70% of the average compressive strength measured in test type 1. For experiments in 1), 3) and 4) in tension, a rock disc of 40x20 mm (diameter x height) is loaded at a constant deformation rate in a uniaxial press under the same stressing configurations as in compression. More details of the methods can be found in the publication Schaefer et al., 2023. Volcanic domes and edifices are inherently unstable owing to their structure and rapid emplacement/growth, further enhanced by both mechanical and thermal variations due to the movement of magma. Understanding the long-term mechanical response and fatigue of their rock constituents is thus key to understanding their stability. Experimental datasets can help quantify the amount of deformation that rocks can sustain before failure, helping us to understand possible rock failure events at larger scale at volcanoes. All data were collected at the University of Liverpool and analysed at the University of Liverpool, UK, at the USGS, USA and LMU Munich, Germany. All samples were collected at Unzen volcano, Japan. Experiments and data analysis were carried in 2021 and 2022.

Raw data from True Triaxial rock deformation experiment is included in TDMS and csv format. The TDMS file is the raw LabView data logging file including the time series of the experiments, loads, displacement and confining pressure. During each load step permeability measurements were made for the three loading axes. CSV files are provided for each permeability measurement, the load and axis are indicated in the file title. The TXT file includes the acoustic emission data.

These data present volume estimates from images (using the solid of revolution method from the cross-sectional area) of clasts expanding during vesiculation at high temperature. The data also contain clast interior volume estimates without the dense rind around the clasts (formed by diffusive outgassing, and estimated through time),l which is is calculated in Matlab. The methods are provided in more detail in Weaver et al., 2022. These data contain sample measurements (surface area), total clast volume calculation (using solid of revolution from clast cross-sectional area), degassed skin area (using imerode in Matlab and the diffusion data provided in the table) and skin volume (solid of revolution from skin surface area), and core surface area and volume from the difference between total clast and skin volumes/skin area. All data are presented in Weaver et al., 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107550), where further details of the methods can also be found. All data were collected and analysed at the University of Liverpool using clasts from Hrafntinnuhryggur, Iceland. The geographical location of the samples collected is of no relevance to this study, as the samples were selected for their physical attributes. All data were collected and analysed throughout 2021 and 2022. Volcanic glass cylinders of different starting sizes were placed in a furnace at high temperature (1006 oC). Two furnaces were used, either a tube furnace with open ends to allow imaging of the sample silhouette, or a box furnace with a sapphire window to allow imaging of the sample as vesiculation takes place. Cross-sectional areas are then converted to volumes using solid of revolution as vesiculation is isotropic. Diffusion modelling is used to quantify the development of the fully degassed rind around the sample and used to estimate the rind volume through imerode in Matlab and solid of revolution. Total clast, core and rind volumes are thus able to be retrieved. As magmas approach the surface of the Earth, volatile saturation in the melt decreases, which results in volatile exsolution in vesicles (vesiculation) and outgassing. The interplay between the amount of vesicles trapped in the melt and those that diffusively outgas from the surface is dependent on the volume to surface area ratio. Understanding the kinetics of outgassing and vesiculation is key to understand pressure build-up in magmatic conduits and effusive-explosive transitions at volcanoes.

This dataset includes raw point cloud data from repeat terrestrial laser scans (TLS) for early-stage protodunes developing on a moist sandy surface in the Medano Creek area at Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, USA under very strong winds. As well as the TLS data, additional nearby measurements of the wind speed through a CSAT 3D sonic anemometer and sediment transport using a Sensit and Wenglor fork sensors.

This dataset contains petrophysical characteristics of andesite samples (geometry, porosity, permeability) before and after a series of mechanical tests (which were conducted as part of another project). The data is presented in the publication Lamur et al., 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26721-x). The data were collected at the University of Liverpool, analysed at the University of Liverpool and LMU Munich. All samples were collected on Colima volcano, Mexico. Experiments were conducted in 2021 and data analysed throughout 2021 and 2022. For each experiment, a rock cylinder of 25x50 mm (diameter x height) is prepared. Porosity data is calculated from sample geometry and volume measured in a helium pycnometer. Permeameter data is output automatically from the permeameter when a constant flow rate of helium gas through the sample is achieved, at which point the pressure differential and flow rate are used to calculate permeability. The values are for andesite samples from Colima volcano, pre- and post- mechanical testing. The data show the extent of changes of petrophysical properties possible by mechanical deformation in the brittle regime. Volcanic environments are often subjected to low magnitude; repetitive earthquakes that may contribute to the overall rock mass (or volcanic edifice/dome) fatigue. Understanding how such mechanical oscillations may change the characteristics of the volcanic rocks comprising the edifice can help better understanding associated hazards.

Geomechanical strength data of mudstone samples collected from the Grey Shale Member, of the Whitby Mudstone Formation of the Lias Group. Testing includes Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and Triaxial strength testing completed at the University of Leeds (UoL) and Point Load testing completed at the British Geological Survey (BGS). All sample preparation, preservation and testing were completed to the specification outlined by the ISRM (2007) unless otherwise stated. For all Triaxial testing, each sample was deformed under standard triaxial stress conditions, where the primary principal stress corresponds to the axial stress and the intermediate and minimum principal stresses are equal to that of the confining pressure. The data are separated into individual Excel files (.xlsx), with each file representing a single test. Each file contains time, force, stress, displacement, and strain data.