This dataset contains measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) (HadISST1.1). Dataset include monthly mean gridded (1deg grid), global SSTs from 1870 to October 2015. This product replaced the GISST/GICE (Global Sea Surface Temperature/Global sea-Ice content) data sets ended in February 2003. The SST data are taken from the Met Office Marine Data Bank (MDB), which from 1982 onwards also includes data received through the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). In order to enhance data coverage, monthly median SSTs for 1871-1995 from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) (now ICOADS) were also used where there were no MDB data. The sea ice data are taken from a variety of sources including digitized sea ice charts and passive microwave retrievals. HadISST1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two stage reduced-space optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality-improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. The sea ice fields are made more homogeneous by compensating satellite microwave-based sea ice concentrations for the impact of surface melt effects on retrievals in the Arctic and for algorithm deficiencies in the Antarctic, and by making the historical in situ concentrations consistent with the satellite data. SSTs near sea ice are estimated using statistical relationships between SST and sea ice concentration. From May 2007 the data set of in situ measurements used in HadISST has changed. The MOHSST data set, which was previously used has been discontinued, and HadSST2 is now being used in its place. The two systems ran in parallel for several months prior to the changeover and no significant differences were seen. The data were provided by the Hadley centre (Met Office). Important Notes: On 13th March 2015: Users have noticed that there is a minor discontinuity at the dateline in HadISST1 SST fields starting in 1982. It appears to only affect gridcells just to the east of the dateline. Please note that this can affect estimates of the mean and variability of SSTs in HadISST1 when analysed across this region. On 3rd December 2010: The SSM/I satellite that is used to provide the data for the sea ice analysis in HadISST suffered a significant degradation in performance through January and February 2009. The problem affected HadISST fields from January 2009 and probably causes an underestimate of ice extent and concentration. It also affected ses surface temperatures in sea ice areas because the SSTs are estimated from the sea ice concentration. As of 3rd December 2010, the Met Office Hadley Centre has reprocessed the data from January 2009 to the present using a difference sea ice data source. This is an improvement on the previous situation but users should still note that the switch of data source at the start of 2009 might introduce a discontinuity into the record.

Data from observations made at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) which exists to advance understanding of climatically significant interactions between the atmosphere and ocean and to provide a regional focal point and long-term data. The observatory is based on Calhau Island of São Vicente, Cape Verde at 16.848N, 24.871W, in the tropical Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, a region which is data poor but plays a key role in atmosphere-ocean interactions of climate-related and biogeochemical parameters including greenhouse gases. It is an open-ocean site that is representative of a region likely to be sensitive to future climate change, and is minimally influenced by local effects and intermittent continental pollution. The dataset contains Particle Number Size Distribution measured using a SMPS and an APS.

Daily concatenated files of ceilometer cloud base height and aerosol profile data from Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)'s Lufft CHM15k "Nimbus" deployed at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. These data were produced by the EUMETNET's E-PROFILE processing hub as part of the ceilometer and lidar network operated as part of the by EUMETNET members. This network covers most of Europe with additional sites worldwide. The site has a corresponding WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) id: 0-20000-0-10962. See online documentation for link to station details in the Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review (OSCAR) Tool. EUMETNET is a grouping of 31 European National Meteorological Services that provides a framework to organise co-operative programmes between its Members in the various fields of basic meteorological activities. One such programme is the EUMETNET Profiling Programme: E-PROFILE. See EUMETNET page linked from this record for further details of EUMETNET's activities.

Data for Figure 3.24 from Chapter 3 of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Figure 3.24 shows biases in zonal mean and equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. --------------------------------------------------- How to cite this dataset --------------------------------------------------- When citing this dataset, please include both the data citation below (under 'Citable as') and the following citation for the report component from which the figure originates: Eyring, V., N.P. Gillett, K.M. Achuta Rao, R. Barimalala, M. Barreiro Parrillo, N. Bellouin, C. Cassou, P.J. Durack, Y. Kosaka, S. McGregor, S. Min, O. Morgenstern, and Y. Sun, 2021: Human Influence on the Climate System. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 423–552, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.005. --------------------------------------------------- Figure subpanels --------------------------------------------------- The figure has three panels (a), (b), (c), with data provided for all panels in subdirectories named panel_a, panel_b and panel_c. --------------------------------------------------- List of data provided --------------------------------------------------- The dataset contains sea surface temperature (SST) data (1979-1999):  - Modelled zonal mean SST biases from CMIP5 - Modelled zonal mean SST biases from CMIP6 - Modelled zonal mean SST biases from HighResMIP - Modelled equatorial SST biases from CMIP5 - Modelled equatorial SST biases from CMIP6 - Modelled equatorial SST biases from HighResMIP - Modelled mean equatorial SST from CMIP5 - Modelled mean equatorial SST from CMIP6 - Modelled mean equatorial SST from HighResMIP - Observed mean equatorial SST from HadISST v1 --------------------------------------------------- Data provided in relation to figure --------------------------------------------------- - panel_a/zonal_sst_bias.csv has zonal mean sea surface temperature bias over the period 1979-1999, there are data for blue (CMIP5), red (CMIP6) and green (HighResMIP) shadings representing 5th and 95th percentile over ensemble - panel_b/equatorial_sst_bias.csv  has equatorial mean sea surface temperature bias over the period 1979-1999, there are data for blue (CMIP5), red (CMIP6) and green (HighResMIP) shadings representing 5th and 95th percentile over ensemble - panel_c/equatorial_sst_means.csv  has equatorial mean sea surface temperature over the period 1979-1999, there are data for black (HadISSTv1),  blue (CMIP5), red (CMIP6) and green (HighResMIP) shadings representing 5th and 95th percentile over ensemble Details about the data provided in relation to the figure in the header of every file. CMIP5 is the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. CMIP6 is the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. --------------------------------------------------- Notes on reproducing the figure from the provided data --------------------------------------------------- For equatorial SSTs and equatorial SST biases, the data has longitude coordinate which goes 20 to 380 degrees. It was done with python package iris not to break the lines through Atlantic. --------------------------------------------------- Sources of additional information --------------------------------------------------- The following weblinks are provided in the Related Documents section of this catalogue record: - Link to the report component containing the figure (Chapter 3) - Link to the code for the figure, archived on Zenodo.

The World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6) data from the Research Center for Environmental Changes (AS-RCEC) TaiESM1 model output for the "aquaplanet with control SST and 4xCO2" (aqua-4xCO2) experiment. These are available at the following frequencies: 3hr, AERmon, Amon, CFday, Eday, Emon, day and fx. The runs included the ensemble member: r1i1p1f1. CMIP6 was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the WCRP and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report (AR6). The official CMIP6 Citation, and its associated DOI, is provided as an online resource linked to this record.

WCRP CMIP5: The CSIRO-BOM team ACCESS1-3 model output for the Pre-Industrial Control (piControl) experiment. These data cover the following realms: aerosol, atmos, land, landIce, ocean and seaIce; at the following frequencies: 3hr, 6hr, day, fx and mon. The runs included the ensemble members: r0i0p0 and r1i1p1. The WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5). The CSIRO-BOM team consisted of the following agencies: The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, Australia) and Bureau of Meteorology (BOM).

Daily concatenated files of ceilometer cloud base height and aerosol profile data from Météo-France's Vaisala CL31 deployed at Tours, France. These data were produced by the EUMETNET's E-PROFILE processing hub as part of the ceilometer and lidar network operated as part of the by EUMETNET members. This network covers most of Europe with additional sites worldwide. The site has a corresponding WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) id: 0-20000-0-07240. See online documentation for link to station details in the Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review (OSCAR) Tool. EUMETNET is a grouping of 31 European National Meteorological Services that provides a framework to organise co-operative programmes between its Members in the various fields of basic meteorological activities. One such programme is the EUMETNET Profiling Programme: E-PROFILE. See EUMETNET page linked from this record for further details of EUMETNET's activities.

WCRP CMIP5: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) MPI-ESM-LR model output for the decadal1987 experiment. These data cover the following realms: atmos, land, landIce, ocean and seaIce; at the following frequencies: 6hr, day, fx and mon. The runs included the ensemble members: r0i0p0, r1i1p1, r2i1p1 and r3i1p1. The WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), was a global climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by PCMDI (Program For Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison) on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and provided input for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

Airborne atmospheric measurements from core instrument suite data on board the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft collected for SUMEX-14: Met Office Summer Campaign, 2014 project.