Daily outputs on a 7.5 km horizontal resolution grid covering the Greenland Ice Sheet from MARv3.6.2, which is a regional climate model developed for the Polar regions that solves the regional climate and ice sheet surface mass balance. MAR was forced by ERA-Interim re-analysis data.

Mesozooplankton were collected with a MOCNESS net system during the oceanographic cruise JR17005 (May and June 2018) and JR18007 (August 2019). The MOCNESS comprised 9 separate nets which opened in sequence such that the closing of one net opened the next; net 1 was open during the descent of the net to its maximum depth (about 1000 m) while the remaining 8 depths opened at regular intervals during the reascent to the surface. Catches were immediately preserved in 4 percent buffered formaldehyde after division by a Folsom splitter into either 0.5 or 0.25 fractions. Identification of taxa was performed by Continuous Plankton Recorder survey analysts at the Marine Biological Association UK, led by Marianne Wootton. Specimens were categorised to the lowest possible taxonomic level, which, in some cases, encompassed developmental stages but, in other cases, was limited to higher order taxa. Each taxa was enumerated to determine abundance with the preserved fraction of the catch. These were scaled up to the whole catch and divided by the volume filtered of the respective net to determine abundance in units of individuals m-3. These values were also multiplied by the sampled depth interval to derive the alternative unit of individuals m-2. The samples from three net deployments were analysed from both JR17005 and JR18005 in approximately matching locations between Greenland and Svalbard, encompassing the Fram Strait. The dataset allows examination of the distribution and abundance of these species across the region in two separate years, with the first year covering early summer and the second year, late summer. Financial support for was provided by Changing Arctic Ocean (CAO) Programme DIAPOD, funded by UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC; NE/P006213/1, NE/P006353/1, NE/P006302/1, NE/P006183/1,and NE/P005985/1, amongst others), and by CAO Project CHASE, jointly funded by NERC (NE/R012733/1) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; 03F0803A).

The abundance, photophysiology, pigmentation, bio-optical properties, cellular energy balance and instantaneous radiative forcing of glacier algal assemblages from the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) are quantified throughout the 2016 ablation season. The effects of assemblages on ice surface albedo are further derived using a newly developed model of glacier algal blooms for the GrIS, radiative transfer modelling using BioSNICAR-GO, and comparisons to MODIS broadband albedo observations over the same season. Data represent a composite of in-situ observations, in-situ incubations studies, laboratory analyses, modelling and remote sensing. All in -situ work was performed at site S6 of the K-Transect in the southwestern GrIS ablation zone as part of the Black and Bloom project. Funding was provided by the NERC 'Black and Bloom' grant NE/M021025/1 and the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 675546.

Metrics of dark ice extent and duration, and snowline retreat estimates, for the south-west ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet, derived from MODIS satellite imagery. These metrics are provided on a ~613 m grid at annual resolution and cover the melt season, defined as June-July-August each year. All scripts used to generate the metrics are also provided, as well as the scripts which generate the plots found in the referenced publication. Funding was provided by the NERC grant NE/M021025/1.

The text file (.csv) contains d18O changes simulated at six Greenland deep ice cores (NEEM, NGRIP, GRIP, GISP2, Camp Century and DYE3) from 69 simulations performed using the isotope-enabled HadCM3 climate model forced with mid last interglacial boundary conditions, centred at 125,000 years ago. HadCM3 is used to reproduce the d18O response to 69 modified Last Interglacial (LIG) Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) morphologies at the ice-core sites. To parameterise the set of 69 GIS morphologies, we undertake a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach. The text file also contains the 8PC coefficients for each of the 69 morphologies. The netcdf file (.nc) contains the 8PC shapes and the average shape. To obtain any of the 69 GIS morphologies: (1) store the 8 PC coefficients of a specific GIS morphology and, (2) take a linear combination of the PC shapes (according to those coefficients) and add the average shape. Funding was provided by the following grants: EPSRC-funded Past Earth Network (Grant number EP/M008363/1); NERC funding through grants NE/P009271/1, NE/P013279/1, NE/J004804/1, and Irene Malmierca's PhD studentship.

This dataset consists of the time series of mass change of the Greenland Ice Sheet and its contribution to global sea level between 1980 and 2018 derived from satellite measurements. The dataset presented here is a reconciled estimate of mass balance estimates from three independent satellite-based techniques - gravimetry, altimetry and input-output method - and its associated uncertainty. This dataset is part of the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE). The total mass change as well as the partition between surface and dynamics mass balance are provided in this dataset. This work is an outcome of the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-Comparison Exercise (IMBIE) supported by the ESA Climate Change Initiative and the NASA Cryosphere Program. Andrew Shepherd was additionally supported by a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award and the UK Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (cpom30001). ***** PLEASE BE ADVISED TO USE UPDATED DATA ***** The expanded data set (see 'Related Data Set Metadata' link below) has an additional 24 months of measurements, and also includes data for Antarctica.

Improved Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Greenland Ice Sheet derived from Global Navigation Satellite Systems-Reflectometry (GNSS-R). This builds on a previous study (Cartwright et al., 2018) using GNSS-R to derive an Antarctic DEM but uses improved processing and an additional 13 months of measurements. A median bias of under 10 m and root-mean-square (RMS) errors of under 166 m are obtained, as compared to existing DEMs. Funding was provided by NERC grant NE/L002531/1.

These two files (.csv) provide independent methods of quantifying subglacial roughness in Greenland, both calculated from radio-echo sounding (or ice penetrating radar) data collected by the Operation Ice Bridge programme using CReSIS instrumentation. They are an output of the Basal Properties of Greenland (BPOG) project (http://bpog.blogs.ilrt.org/), with funding from NERC grant NE/M000869/1. Roughness here, and in the wider literature, is defined as the variation in bed elevation (in the vertical) at the ice-bed interface, over a given length-scale. These two metrics calculate/quantify this variation in different ways: one shows topographic-scale roughness, calculated from the variation in along-track topography (bed elevation measurements derived from the radar pulse); and the other shows scattering-derived roughness, calculated from quantifying characteristics of each bed-echo (the return from the radar pulse at the ice-bed interface).