This catalogue contains the times, locations, families, and durations of earthquakes identified near Parkfield, California, USA. Collected over the period of 2020 – 2022. The methodology used to identify the earthquakes is described by Huang, H., Hawthorne, J.C. Linking the scaling of tremor and slow slip near Parkfield, CA. Nat Commun 13, 5826 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33158-3. The data provided here are also provided in the supplement of that paper. This catalogue contains the times (columns 1-2), locations (columns 3-5: latitude, longitude, and depth), families (column 6), and durations (columns 7).

The data comprise P-wave velocity and attenuation (1/Q) measurements of water-saturated sand packs (four samples) across saturation levels, from dry to fully saturated. Using an acoustic pulse tube, measurements were recorded in the sonic frequency range (1-20 kHz, centred at 10 kHz) under 10 MPa effective pressure with atmospheric pore pressure. Data were collected in the Pulse Tube Laboratories at the National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Southampton, between March 2022 and January 2023, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC Grant NE/J020753/1), and primarily collected and analysed by Hanif Sutiyoso (University of Southampton). The experiment aimed to fill gaps in sonic frequency measurements of sediments across saturation states, providing a spectrum of water/gas saturation rather than a single value. This dataset is valuable for researchers analysing saturated sediments and is directly comparable to sonic well-logging field data due to its frequency range. The full dataset has been published at https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.13607. The method involved measuring time series of signal amplitude from four samples (A to D) inside a 4.5 m water-filled acoustic pulse tube, which allows plane wave propagation in the sediment-jacketed samples. Time-domain data were transformed into the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and deconvolved with the chirp source signal to obtain the impulse response. Nonlinear inversion was used to minimize an objective function derived from initial time-domain estimates, determining the sample's complex velocity and attenuation (1/Q).

Peat properties data and age depth models for 102 peat cores extracted and analysed for the Increased Carbon Accumulation in Arctic Peatlands (ICAAP) project (Grant NE/S001166/1). Peat cores were extracted from 12 peatland sites from four regions of the Arctic: Svalbard, Norwegian and Finnish Lapland, Nunavut, Canada and Quebec, Canada Data originates from the analysis of Arctic peat cores for changes in rates of lateral expansion and vertical peat accumulation during recent centuries. Specifically, peat cores were analysed for moisture content (%), dry bulk density (g cm-3), C/N content (%), 210Pb activity levels (bq/kg), and 14C radiocarbon age (yr BP). Svalbard (78.09065°N 14.98407°E; 78.98595°N, 11.98246°E; 78.95872°N, 11.68331°E) Norwegian and Finnish Lapland (70.11876°N, 28.48351°E; 69.80659°N, 27.19732°E, 69.38787°N, 24.24123°E), Nunavut, Canada (72.655515°N, 78.061646°W; 72.694207°N, 77.864603°W; 73.13028°N, 80.022987°W) Quebec, Canada (62.165681°N, 75.915017°W; 62.123168°N, 75.769467°W; 62.157355°N, 75.607301°W)

Alkenone abundances and resulting temperature reconstruction from sediment samples retrieved from DSDP Leg 90, Site 594, South Pacific. Sediments are dated from 3.4-3.0 Ma. The age of samples was determined using the age model of Caballaro-Gill et al. (2019) (https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003496). Alkenone abundances were solvent extracted and measured using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). The relative alkenone abundances were converted to sea surface temperature using the UK’37 index and the calibration of Müller et al (1998). All analyses were performed at The Open University, UK. Data was collected between 2023 and 2024 by Sarah Cottee, Bridget Warren, and Marcus Badger. Data analysis was supported by NERC grant NE/X000567/1, Marcus Badger.

Alkenone abundances and resulting temperature reconstruction from sediment samples retrieved from ODP leg 162, Site 982, North Atlantic. Sediments are dated from 3.3-3.0 Ma. The age of samples was determined using the age model of Lawrence et al. (2009) (https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001669). Alkenone abundances were solvent extracted and measured using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). The relative alkenone abundances were converted to sea surface temperature using the UK’37 index and the calibration of Müller et al (1998). All analyses were performed at The Open University, UK. Data was collected between 2023 and 2024 by Sarah Cottee, Bridget Warren, and Marcus Badger. Data analysis was supported by NERC grant NE/X000567/1, Marcus Badger.

The data set includes stable oxygen isotope data measured on the non-labile (HCl-extractable) phosphorus fraction (δ18O-PO4), extracted from each 1 cm layer of sediment core. This sediment core (LG3A) was dated via correlation with a parallel core (LG3C) using 8 age-depth tie points, for which core chronology was established by analysing 210Pb activity at the British Geological Survey Inorganic Geochemistry Laboratories.

Lagerstatten fossil occurrence data for six Triassic marine communities following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Also included are ecological trait data and feeding rules needed to parameterise food web model - PFIM (Paleo Food web Inference Model). See Dunhill et al. 2024, Nat Comms, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53000-2) for method info. The six Triassic marine communities are; Dienerian, Guiyang, South China Early Spathian, Paris, southeastern Idaho, USA Spathian, Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China Anisian, Luoping, Yunnan, China Ladinian, Xingyi, Guizhou, China Carnian, Guanling, China

This dataset contains geochemical data from springs, streams and monsoonal rainwater samples, collected from the Melamchi Valley catchment, Nepal, between 2022 and 2025. The data includes analysis of major ions, stable water isotopes and Sr, Li, Si and C isotopes to investigate chemical weathering along mountain flow paths. Filtered water samples were collected across the Melamchi Valley catchment, with springs grouped into sub-linear transects. Additional time series samples span 2023 to 2025 at bi/weekly sampling at 5 sites.

The Geophysical Properties dataset consists of density, velocity, magnetic susceptibility and thermal conductivity values, with related source, location and geology data. The data have been collected on a project basis, therefore the quality and completeness of the database coding is variable. The data is currently from the UK and Ireland although this may be extended. The data consists of samples with related data values - (1,000s), Density Values - Laboratory Measurements - (1,000s); Velocity Values - Laboratory Measurements - (1,000's), Magnetic Susceptibility Values - Laboratory Measurements - (1,000s); Magnetic Susceptibility Values - Field Measurements - (10,000s measurements on 1,000s samples). Borehole information for data obtained as Downhole profiles with related data values; British Rock Densities Project - Insitu density values obtained from the analysis of formation density logs - (10s boreholes with 100s values). Downhole Magnetic Susceptibility - Obtained for a confidential project with some offshore - (10s boreholes with 10,000s samples) . Thermal Conductivity - (100s boreholes with 1,000s samples), Mean Data Values derived from a data source such as published literature for a site or rock formation; Density - (100s), Magnetic Susceptibility - (100s). Information about the source from which data is obtained, Engineering Geology Laboratory Reports - (100s), Literature which may be published or unpublished - (100s). The database is not maintained and no new data has been added since 2004.

Occurrences of angiosperm pollen grains from North American sections crossing the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary were complied from previous publications. Morphological characters for pollen taxa from the Maastrichtian and Palaeocene were encoded based on their descriptions and following the methodology of Lupia (Lupia, R. (1999) ‘Discordant morphological disparity and taxonomic diversity during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation: North American pollen record’, Paleobiology, 25(1), pp. 1–28. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(1999)025<0001:DMDATD>2.3.CO;2.) for disparity analyses. References and character table are included.