This data contains the emissions of ammonia (NH3) from agricultural sources in the South Asia region, for the year 2015. Agriculture is represented by five sub-sectors: crop residue burning (CRB), crop residues left in fields (CRR), livestock management (MNM), livestock grazing and manure applications (GRM), application of synthetic fertilisers (SFA). Data are bottom-up calculations using activity data and emission factors, using methods outlined in the EDGARv6.1 methodology, the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, the IPCC 2019 Guidelines Refinement and in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebooks 2019 and 2023. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/e0114a4f-32c2-41d9-9c2a-c46f365d4c30

Simulations made using the HadGEM2 model in AMIP (atmosphere only) configuration for the SAPRISE (South Asian PRecIpitation: A SEamless assessment) project. The SAPRISE project investigates the impacts of aerosols on the South Asian Monsoon using historical simulations forced with anthropogenic aerosols i.e. sulphur dioxide, black carbon and biomass burning aerosols. The simulations cover the period from 1850-2000.

[This dataset is embargoed until April 1, 2026]. The dataset contains field measurements of atmospheric ammonia under forest canopies in the Himalayas in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan and in a tropical forest in Sri Lanka between 2022 and 2024. Monthly mean atmospheric ammonia concentrations are provided from 33 sites across the five countries. This dataset provides the first ever empirical measurements of ammonia from South Asian forests and can be used to estimate ecological impact, inform policy decisions, validate atmospheric chemistry transport models and satellite data and design future air quality and ecological monitoring in the region. The ammonia concentration data was collected monthly by deploying passive citric acid-coated samplers at the study locations. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/9c4aee69-3693-4f18-97c8-ff740045f3de

The database includes the classification of 966 active nitrogen-relevant policies from South Asia (including Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka). The collection during 2020 and 2021 focuses on national level policies; some subnational policies were also collected. Data collection involved building on an existing open access global database developed by Kanter et al., 2020 that contained 51 policies for South Asia established to 2017 sourced by the environmental law ECOLEX database. Further policies were collected mostly from online sources: such as international policy databases: FAOLEX and national government and ministry websites. A protocol for policy collection and classification was established and followed to ensure consistent and thorough collections across the eight countries. Policies were classified according to a variety of parameters including the sink (air, water etc.) and sector (agriculture, industry etc.) they address and by type of policy. Policies were clustered if they had a central node policy in place and if a ‘subordinate policy’ (including amendments) did not offer anything new in terms of content related to Nitrogen management. This data was collected as part of a collective partnership that brings together leading organisations from across South Asia and the UK to reduce the adverse global impacts of nitrogen pollution on the environment, health, and wellbeing. More specifically providing a resource for both SANH partners and the wider scientific and policy community to understand the nitrogen policy landscape in the south Asian region. Furthermore, this research contributes to efforts in building a nitrogen policy arena promoting sustainable management of nitrogen, mitigating adverse effects. The dataset provides a thorough overview of available nitrogen related policies in South Asia but does not provide a complete set of all the nitrogen relevant policies available in each country. In some cases, this was due to our dependency on policy availability online, and some websites were not maintained. In addition, we excluded policies established post 2020 to avoid policy responses to COVID19 and to align more closely with the original global study. Repealed policies were omitted from the database. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/e2f248d5-79a1-4af9-bdd4-f739fb12ce9a

An ensemble of simulations made using the Unified Model version 6.6 (HadGEM2) in AMIP (atmosphere only) configuration for the SAPRISE (South Asian PRecIpitation: A SEamless assessment) project. The simulations are used to investigate the impacts of aerosols on the South Asian Monsoon. The four-member ensemble of simulations are forced with anthropogenic-only aerosols i.e. sulphur dioxide, black carbon and biomass burning aerosols. The simulations cover the period from 1850-2000. Since aerosol-only simulation is not compulsory in CMIP5, these four runs are complements to other CMIP5 simulations conducted by Met Office using the HadGEM2-ES (vn 6.6).

This dataset holds survey data of individual farming households in the Terai region in Nepal relating to their nitrogen use. The survey was conducted in 2022 and the questions covered two seasons (summer and winter) asked at a single visit in the summer season. The questions on the winter season were based on recall. The data cover the following topics: household characteristics, general farm characteristics, plot characteristics, crop production and harvest, synthetic and organic fertilizer use and compost production, labour, irrigation, pesticides, livestock, information sources, drivers of and barriers to adoption of sustainable practices, attitude, behaviour, perception and opinion, household expenditure and income, household asset and wealth, subsidies. The data were collected primarily to assess differences in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and sustainable nitrogen practices between households. The data also aim to enhance understanding of farmers’ attitudes, opinion and decision making affecting NUE in crop production and farm related factors which enable adoption of sustainable practices. The data are part of a wider SANH (South Asian Nitrogen Hub) harmonised household survey covering Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/3b7a3e0b-48e5-4395-b4c6-79bb43ae31e3

This dataset consists of survival and heights of trees planted for forest restoration in South and Southeast Asia and the associated analytical code. The data consists of tree censuses collated from published studies, grey literature and data provided by co-authors, up to/including May 2021. Data are collated from 176 sites in areas where disturbance or clearance of the natural forest had occurred and where trees were then planted and monitored over time. The analyses included here model height growth, extract annual size-standardised growth rates and test the effects of biophysical and climatic conditions and planting regimes on survival and growth. This dataset was created to represent the current state of knowledge on forest restoration outcomes in South and Southeast Asia. This is the full dataset for the survival and height analysis. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/935781e1-9119-4673-bd09-3fc76ae627d5

This dataset holds survey data of individual farming households in the Eastern region in Bhutan relating to their nitrogen use. The survey was conducted in 2022 and the questions covered two seasons (2022 and 2021 farming seasons) asked at a single visit in the 2022 season. The questions on the winter season were based on recall. The data cover the following topics: household characteristics, general farm characteristics, plot characteristics, crop production and harvest, synthetic and organic fertiliser use and compost production, labour, irrigation, pesticides, livestock, information sources, drivers of and barriers to adoption of sustainable practices, attitude, behaviour, perception and opinion, household expenditure and income, household asset and wealth, subsidies. The data were collected primarily to assess differences in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and sustainable nitrogen practices between households. The data also aim to enhance understanding of farmers’ attitudes, opinion and decision making affecting NUE in crop production and farm related factors which enable adoption of sustainable practices. The data are part of a wider SANH (South Asian Nitrogen Hub) harmonised household survey covering Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/cd35ca67-8121-4a0d-81c9-c4a7fae25117