The dataset includes 30-minute observations of land-atmosphere exchange of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange and sensible and latent heat measured over two years in a cut and grazed pasture in Yorkshire, UK. Fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance method. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/c94b7b70-ab7e-4415-9b99-7f4a10e97c1c

This dataset contains urine frequency and volume data measured from tri-axial accelerometers on Welsh mountain ewes free-grazing two contrasting upland field sites (semi-improved and unimproved pasture) in North Wales, across two seasons each (spring and autumn). The data, were collected using tri-axial accelerometers glued to the hind of Welsh Mountain ewes to study the urination behaviour of free-grazing sheep. Using a Boolean algorithm, the characteristic squatting position that ewes exhibit upon urination was detected in the accelerometer data. Initially the performance of the accelerometers with sheep in urine collection pens was assessed. Data were collected on the volume of each urination event and recorded the time of each observed urination event. This initial data was used to assess whether the accelerometers and Boolean algorithm were successful in identifying urination events, but also to ascertain whether the time spent in the squatting position would correlate with the volume of urine produced (thus allowing the technique to be able to estimate urine volume from squatting time only in subsequent field deployments). Information on when, where and how often livestock urinate are key data to be able to assess the scale and nature of nitrogen pollution arising from grazed agroecosystems. Urine patches deposited by grazing livestock are large sources of emissions of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, due to high concentrations of nitrogen deposited over relatively small areas. These data were collected in the NERC funded Uplands-N2O project (grant award: NE/M015351/1). Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/127afd24-d2cd-457f-b837-2dd5d328f101

The dataset consists of plant species data from a range of upland vegetation types. The study sites are situated within the Moor House National Nature Reserve in the North Pennines, UK. The area is grazed by free-ranging sheep and paired plots of grazed and ungrazed vegetation were set up at nine locations between 1953 and 1972. These plots have been monitored using the same (pin frame) methods at irregular intervals between their establishment and 2016. Within each plot fixed transect and frame positions are used. The data includes structural and frequency data for vascular plants and presence/absence data for bryophytes and lichens. The plots were set up and are currently maintained by Natural England (NE) and its predecessor bodies and since 1982 they have been monitored by the Environmental Change Network (ECN) through the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH). Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/c72ab043-1b02-42c9-94e8-c1cae42b3dc8

The data contains variables related to the diversity and structure of plant communities of cattle-grazed and burned old-growth grasslands and ungrazed and unburned old-growth grasslands located in the northern region of the Cerrado, specifically in the municipality of São Félix do Tocantins, state of Tocantins, Brazil, collected in March and April 2022. Data were collected in 100 plots of 1-m² distributed over ten old-growth grasslands (10 plots per site), of which five were grazed and burned and five ungrazed and unburned. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/d83e0c7d-ea49-4cf9-a002-c31cc3bbfe80

This dataset contains total green biomass, palatable green biomass, sheep stocking rate, Pinus contorta tree density, P. contorta basal area and percentage canopy cover in sites across northwest Patagonia, during the summer of 2020. We measured total green biomass in the peak production (kg /hectare/year), as a metric for aboveground annual productivity, in five different sites and for a wide range of P. contorta abundance. We also measured palatable green biomass (kg/hectare/year), considering only those plant species foraged by sheep. We calculated the sheep stocking rate that can sustainably support the grasslands of our study based on the feeding requirement of an Ovine Livestock Unit (OLU). The OLU represents a Merino wether (castrated male sheep) with an average live weight of 40 kg that consume 365 kg of dry forage in a year in Patagonia grasslands. We counted the number of P. contorta individuals to calculate density (trees/ha) and recorded their diameter at ground level to calculate basal area (m2/ha) (an alternative measure of P. contorta abundance). Additionally, on each subplot we took a hemispheric picture to estimate the canopy cover (%) of P. contorta (a third measure of P. contorta abundance). Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/066b0d36-d28a-422e-b29a-298c98b8a536

The dataset contains concentrations of total soil organic carbon, soil carbon fractions, soil CO2 fluxes, soil temperature and moisture in the Peruvian Andes. Measurements and sampling took place between 2010 and 2013. Data were generated as part of a larger NERC project: 'Are tropical uplands regional hotspots for methane and nitrous oxide' Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/3813aef3-71cc-49e6-ba21-495a43363001

Vegetation data from field surveys undertaken at two experimental trials at Martin Down NNR, to investigate the potential for reducing dense Brachypodium pinnatum cover (experiment 1) and preventing further expansion of sparse cover (experiment 2). Experiment 1 explores the use of herbicide and reseeding, whilst experiment 2 examines cutting and grazing in the spring, autumn and both seasons. Percentage cover of all vascular plant species were recorded in 50 cm x 50 cm quadrats in each treatment replicate for both experiments. Surveys were undertaken in 2019 as a baseline before the experiments commenced, and post treatment in 2020, 2021 and 2022. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/f15e64c0-db65-40ec-8b6d-50573f5f6694

This dataset contains the gridded estimates per 1 km2 for mean and median ensemble outputs from 4-6 individual ecosystem service models for Sub-Saharan Africa, for above ground Carbon stock, firewood use, charcoal use and grazing use. Water use and supply are identically supplied as polygons. Individual model outputs are taken from previously published research. Making ensembles results in a smoothing effect whereby the individual model uncertainties are cancelled out and a signal of interest is more likely to emerge. Included ecosystem service models were: InVEST, Co$ting Nature, WaterWorld, Monetary value benefits transfer, LPJ-GUESS and Scholes models. Ensemble outputs have been normalised, therefore these ensembles project relative levels of service across the full area and can be used, for example, for optimisation or assignment of most important or sensitive areas. The work was completed under the "EnsemblES - Using ensemble techniques to capture the accuracy and sensitivity of ecosystem service models" project (NE/T00391X/1) funded by the UKRI Landscape Decisions programme. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/11689000-f791-4fdb-8e12-08a7d87ad75f

This dataset consists of freshwater pond quality data for sites across Great Britain in 2007. Data include macrophyte species records, chemistry and water quality, and environmental variables such as pollution, grazing and management, from ponds surveyed within a set of 591 1km squares across Great Britain (note - not all squares contained ponds). The survey was part of Countryside Survey, a unique study or 'audit' of the natural resources of the UK's countryside, and was carried out by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and Pond Conservation. The sample sites are chosen from a stratified random sample, based on a 15 by 15 km grid of GB. The countryside is sampled and surveyed using rigorous scientific methods, allowing us to compare new results with those from previous surveys. In this way we can detect the gradual and subtle changes that occur in the UK's countryside over time. In addition to freshwater habitat data, habitat areas, vegetation species data, soil data and linear habitat data are also gathered by Countryside Survey. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/cbb9ee99-8078-4dc4-87de-ee99390e579e

This dataset includes a description of the flora on Somerford Mead, Oxford for the period 1987 to 2014. During the period 1991 to 2014, a grazing experiment was conducted on the meadow, in which individual plots were either grazed by sheep, grazed by cattle or left ungrazed following the annual hay cut. The data consist of list of all plant species found at sample locations within each plot together with an estimate of abundance. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/691a823c-d1da-4420-837c-3c30ce83818b