Gridded data of water debt for year 2000. The water debt expresses the number of years required by the hydrological cycle to replenish the water source (soil moisture, surface water, ground water) that have been used to accomplish the annual production of nine major crops. The considered crops are: wheat, maize, rice, soybean, sugar cane, sugar beet, cotton, barley, sorghum. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/45cb218c-b050-4ee8-8c87-73d3895a111f

This dataset includes results from biodiversity, social and environmental surveys of 46 oil palm smallholders and farms in Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversity data includes: pitfall trap data on arthropod abundance and higher-level order identification, sticky trap data on flying invertebrate abundance (identified to higher-level order), transect data on assassin bugs, Nephila spp. spiders and butterflies (identified to species), counts of insects visiting oil palm inflorescences if any open (identified to Elaeidobius kamerunicus and higher-level orders for other groups) and data on meal worm removal from each plot. Environmental data includes: soil temperature readings recorded over 24 hours, information on size of plot, crop type and cover, GPS location, vegetation cover, vegetation height, canopy density, epiphyte cover, soil pH, soil moisture, leaf litter depth, horizon depths, palm herbivory and palm health. Social data includes information (all anonymised) on: plot area, number of palms, sociodemographic data, plantation management practices applied, knowledge and value assigned to wildlife, and yield. Data were collected from November 2021 to June 2022. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/b61a12a2-d091-41af-b451-a14de4f4a3c3

This dataset includes the transcript of discussion group activities on Human Wildlife conflict, conducted with ten rural communities in Marrupa District, Niassa (Northern Mozambique). It also comprises the results of semi-structured interviews conducted individually in three of the ten selected communities. The ten villages were selected from a forest cover gradient running from villages with a higher forest cover to those within degraded forest areas and consequently low cover. The villages had similar infrastructure, soils, rainfall, and vegetation types. The dataset contains information on the occurrence of conflict with both vertebrate and invertebrate wild species, mitigation strategies, conflict seasonality and trends, but also its impact on agricultural production and livestock rearing. The discussion groups were conducted with six to ten people and the presence of the leader of each village, between May and July 2015. Data were collected as part of a project funded under the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) programme. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/7bd2e230-c219-4017-9914-b5cfd83a4eae

This dataset contains time series observations of surface-atmosphere exchanges of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE), sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE), and momentum (τ) for a managed lowland deep peat soil in the East Anglian Fens, England, UK. The site is managed for the production of horticultural salad crops. Measurements were made between the 22nd June 2012 and 1st January 2020 during which lettuce, leek, celery, sugar beet and potatoes crops were grown on the field. Turbulent flux densities were monitored using the micrometeorological eddy covariance (EC) technique. The dataset includes ancillary weather and soil physics observations, as well as variables describing atmospheric turbulence and the quality of the turbulent flux observations. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/13896773-01e5-48e6-bfab-c319de46b221

This dataset contains rice crop biomass, and greenhouse gas flux measurements from five plots exposed to different fertiliser treatments and continuous and intermittent irrigation protocols. The gas flux data include methane, nitrous oxide, and ammonia, which were measured using chamber methodologies. The dataset also includes irrigation protocols and site environmental properties such as soil pH, bulk density, and texture. Agronomic yields are reported in terms of rice grain and total crop harvests as well as total nitrogen use efficiency. This dataset was created as part of an experiment carried out in rice paddies at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (Delhi, India) in 2016. The experiment aimed to compare the environmental impacts of continuous and intermittent flooding of rice in relation to methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions and the implications for nitrogen use efficiency and yield. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/46aafc00-6742-41df-b8be-09a8d5d86610

This dataset holds survey data of individual farming households in the Terai region in Nepal relating to their nitrogen use. The survey was conducted in 2022 and the questions covered two seasons (summer and winter) asked at a single visit in the summer season. The questions on the winter season were based on recall. The data cover the following topics: household characteristics, general farm characteristics, plot characteristics, crop production and harvest, synthetic and organic fertilizer use and compost production, labour, irrigation, pesticides, livestock, information sources, drivers of and barriers to adoption of sustainable practices, attitude, behaviour, perception and opinion, household expenditure and income, household asset and wealth, subsidies. The data were collected primarily to assess differences in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and sustainable nitrogen practices between households. The data also aim to enhance understanding of farmers’ attitudes, opinion and decision making affecting NUE in crop production and farm related factors which enable adoption of sustainable practices. The data are part of a wider SANH (South Asian Nitrogen Hub) harmonised household survey covering Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/3b7a3e0b-48e5-4395-b4c6-79bb43ae31e3

This dataset contains potential yields of Miscanthus and changes to soil carbon storage resulting from Miscanthus cultivation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare diverse modelling techniques for evaluating the potential of bioenergy crops to mitigate climate change. Three different types of gridded global models were used: a land surface model, JULES (the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator); a bioenergy crop model, MiscanFor; and an integrated assessment model, IMAGE (Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment). The simulated scenario uses land use and climatology from RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 2.6 and focuses on two study areas: the tropics during 2040-49, and Europe during 2090-99. These data were generated as part of the NERC programme Feasibility of Afforestation and Biomass energy with carbon capture storage for Greenhouse Gas Removal (FAB GGR) (Grant NE/P019951/1). Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/16b26b21-98ce-4c26-8b9e-c80c91403d9e

This dataset holds survey data of individual farming households in the Eastern region in Bhutan relating to their nitrogen use. The survey was conducted in 2022 and the questions covered two seasons (2022 and 2021 farming seasons) asked at a single visit in the 2022 season. The questions on the winter season were based on recall. The data cover the following topics: household characteristics, general farm characteristics, plot characteristics, crop production and harvest, synthetic and organic fertiliser use and compost production, labour, irrigation, pesticides, livestock, information sources, drivers of and barriers to adoption of sustainable practices, attitude, behaviour, perception and opinion, household expenditure and income, household asset and wealth, subsidies. The data were collected primarily to assess differences in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and sustainable nitrogen practices between households. The data also aim to enhance understanding of farmers’ attitudes, opinion and decision making affecting NUE in crop production and farm related factors which enable adoption of sustainable practices. The data are part of a wider SANH (South Asian Nitrogen Hub) harmonised household survey covering Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/cd35ca67-8121-4a0d-81c9-c4a7fae25117

This data set consists of various hydrological measurements taken over two years of instrumental monitoring in fields of willow and Miscanthus crops from a study as part of the NERC Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) programme. Future policies are likely to encourage more land use under energy crops: principally willow, grown as short rotation coppice, and a tall exotic grass Miscanthus. These crops will contribute to the UK's commitment to reduce CO2 emissions. However, it is not clear how decisions about appropriate areas for growing the crops, based on climate, soil and water, should be balanced against impacts on the landscape, social acceptance, biodiversity and the rural economy. This project integrated social, economic, hydrology and biodiversity studies in an interdisciplinary approach to assessing the impact of converting land to Miscanthus grass and short-rotation coppice (SRC) willows. Two contrasting farming systems were focused on: the arable-dominated East Midlands; and grassland-dominated South West England. This data set consists of various hydrological measurements taken over two years of instrumental monitoring in fields of both crops. GIS and biodiversity survey datasets are also available. The public attidues questionnaire data from this study are available at the UK Data Archive under study number 6615 (see online resources). Further documentation for this study may be found through the RELU Knowledge Portal and the project's ESRC funding award web page (see online resources).

This dataset consists of farm management data which includes crop drilling dates and herbicide application dates. The data relate to arable fields in which a range of ecological measurements were collected, including species counts in the following areas: weed seedbank, vegetation in the crop, field edge vegetation, invertebrates. Each field was sown with a combination of genetically modified and conventional crops, either Beet, Maize, Spring-sown Oilseed Rape or Winter-sown oilseed Rape. The data were collected as part of the Farm Scale Evaluations (FSEs), a four-year programme of research by independent researchers aimed at studying the effect that the management practices associated with Genetically Modified Herbicide Tolerant (GMHT) crops might have on farmland wildlife, when compared with weed control used with non-GM crops. Data were collected by a consortium of: the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ITE (now the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, CEH), the Institute of Arable Crop Research (now Rothamstead Research, IACR) and the Scottish Crop Research Institute, SCRI (now the James Hutton Institute, JHI). Data were collected for four crops overall (Beet, Maize, Spring-sown Oilseed Rape and Winter-sown oilseed Rape).