QUEST projects both used and produced an immense variety of global data sets that needed to be shared efficiently between the project teams. These global synthesis data sets are also a key part of QUEST's legacy, providing a powerful way of communicating the results of QUEST among and beyond the UK Earth System research community. This dataset contains soil data generated from ISLSCP II. The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project, Initiative II (ISLSCP II) is a follow on project from The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP). ISLSCP II had the lead role in addressing land-atmosphere interactions - process modelling, data retrieval algorithms, field experiment design and execution, and the development of global data sets.

This CD-ROM set contains the Volume 1 hydrology and soil data collection. The data covers a 24 month period, 1987-1988, and all but one are mapped to a common spatial resolution and grid (1 degree x 1 degree). Temporal resolution for most datasets is monthly; however, a few are at a finer resolution (e.g., 6-hourly). This dataset contains data covering: * Precipitation * Hydrology cover * River basin streamflow * Global soil properties

QUEST projects both used and produced an immense variety of global data sets that needed to be shared efficiently between the project teams. These global synthesis data sets are also a key part of QUEST's legacy, providing a powerful way of communicating the results of QUEST among and beyond the UK Earth System research community. This dataset collection contains climatology, soil. population, ecosystem and land cover data. To facilitate this data exchange, and to avoid replication of the often labour-intensive efforts to source and visualize data, QUEST set up the QUEST Earth System Data Initiative - QESDI - a mechanism for easy, centralized access with flexible statistical and visualization tools for consistent processing and presentation of global data sets.

The data consist of daily maps of volumetric soil moisture predicted by a model based on a network of cosmic-ray neutron sensors (COSMOS-UK), the National River Flow Archive (NRFA) and remotely-sensed data. Maps cover the UK and Ireland at 2 km resolution in the Ordnance Survey National Grid (OSGB) projection. Maps are produced in near-real time, lagging by about one week. Data are available from early 2016 to 2023, on a daily basis. The model was calibrated on a network of cosmic-ray neutron sensors (COSMOS-UK) and remotely-sensed soil moisture data. A key parameter was estimated from the national-scale spatial pattern in the catchment response to rainfall seen in the National River Flow Archive (NRFA) data. Precipitation and humidity data to drive the model came from the Met Office High Resolution Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP-UKV) which incorporates the C-band rainfall radar network. The maps have a variety of uses in hydrology and elsewhere, for example as inputs to ecosystem models of greenhouse gas exchange, where soil moisture affects numerous processes. The modelling was carried out as part of UK-SCAPE Virtual Survey Lab, and the NERC project "Detection and Attribution of Regional Emissions (DARE-UK)". There are some gaps in the time series of meteorological and remote sensing inputs, and data are unavailable for these days. The NRFA data are only available for Great Britain, so estimates in Ireland and continental Europe will be less accurate. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/5aa8c5b4-4485-4954-b5c3-18d937a418f7

This repository provides a continuous hydrometeorological record of the Met Office Observation-based research Boundary Layer Facility at the semi-rural field site (18 Ha) of Cardington (52° 06′ N, 00° 25′ W, 29 m ± 1 m amsl) in central-southern England between 2004 and 2024. The dataset contains recorded surface meteorology, radiation and subsoil from sensor measurements at 5 minute averaging period and measured by instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts. Instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts include: • Vector Instruments T302 PRT temperature sensors were located at all heights. • Screened and aspirated HMP155s were located at all heights. • Gill HS50 3-D horizontally symmetric ultrasonic anemometers were located at all heights. • Licor Li-7500 open-path hygrometer was located at 10m. • Setra Model 270 transducer measured barometric pressure at 1.5 m. • Michell chilled mirror hygrometer measured dew and frost point temperature at 1.2 m Surface instrumentation includes: • Rainfall is measured with a Met Office Mk5 tipping-bucket gauge with a 0.2 mm accuracy. • Screened and aspirated Rotronics Hydroclip2 measured grass canopy air temperature and RH located at 0.4 m, 0.15 m and 0.08 m. Radiation instrumentation includes: • Clear-domed Kipp and Zonen CM21 pyranometers located at 2 m measured global downwelling, diffuse downwelling, and upwelling components (of wavelength between 0.3-3 μm). • Kipp and Zonen CG4 pyrgeometers located at 2 m measured the downwelling and upwelling longwave radiation (4.5–40 μm). • Grass canopy, or skin temperature was measured radiometrically with the Heitronics KT15 pyrometer. Aerosol and visibility instrumentation includes: • A Belfort 6230A instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility) (2004-April 2011). • A Biral HSS VPF-730 instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility), and for the determination of present weather (April 2011-2024). • Visible total scattering coefficients were measured with MRI integrating nephelometer (2004-2011) and Optec integrating nephelometer (2011-2024) located at 3 m. Subsoil instrumentation includes: • Delta-T ML2/ML3 theta probes measured volumetric soil moisture at depths of 10, 22, 57 and 160 cm. • Delta-T PRT measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (2004-March 2012). • Delta-T ST2-396 thermistor probes measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (March 2012-2024). • Hukseflux HFP01SC flux plate measured ground heat flux. • Druck 1830 pressure transducer measured water table depth. A full list of NetCDF variables can be found in "Continuous meteorological surface and soil records (2004-2024) at the Met Office surface site of Cardington, UK." Osborne et al. ESSD (2025). This paper should be referenced in any research/publications pertaining to this dataset. To ensure optimal traceability and transparency of data, comprehensive metadata is included.

This repository provides a continuous hydrometeorological record of the Met Office Observation-based research Boundary Layer Facility at the semi-rural field site (18 Ha) of Cardington (52° 06′ N, 00° 25′ W, 29 m ± 1 m amsl) in central-southern England between 2004 and 2024. The dataset contains recorded surface meteorology, radiation and subsoil from sensor measurements at 1 minute averaging period and measured by instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts. Instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts include: • Vector Instruments T302 PRT temperature sensors were located at all heights. • Screened and aspirated HMP155s were located at all heights. • Gill HS50 3-D horizontally symmetric ultrasonic anemometers were located at all heights. • Licor Li-7500 open-path hygrometer was located at 10m. • Setra Model 270 transducer measured barometric pressure at 1.5 m. • Michell chilled mirror hygrometer measured dew and frost point temperature at 1.2 m Surface instrumentation includes: • Rainfall is measured with a Met Office Mk5 tipping-bucket gauge with a 0.2 mm accuracy. • Screened and aspirated Rotronics Hydroclip2 measured grass canopy air temperature and RH located at 0.4 m, 0.15 m and 0.08 m. Radiation instrumentation includes: • Clear-domed Kipp and Zonen CM21 pyranometers located at 2 m measured global downwelling, diffuse downwelling, and upwelling components (of wavelength between 0.3-3 μm). • Kipp and Zonen CG4 pyrgeometers located at 2 m measured the downwelling and upwelling longwave radiation (4.5–40 μm). • Grass canopy, or skin temperature was measured radiometrically with the Heitronics KT15 pyrometer. Aerosol and visibility instrumentation includes: • A Belfort 6230A instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility) (2004-April 2011). • A Biral HSS VPF-730 instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility), and for the determination of present weather (April 2011-2024). • Visible total scattering coefficients were measured with MRI integrating nephelometer (2004-2011) and Optec integrating nephelometer (2011-2024) located at 3 m. Subsoil instrumentation includes: • Delta-T ML2/ML3 theta probes measured volumetric soil moisture at depths of 10, 22, 57 and 160 cm. • Delta-T PRT measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (2004-March 2012). • Delta-T ST2-396 thermistor probes measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (March 2012-2024). • Hukseflux HFP01SC flux plate measured ground heat flux. • Druck 1830 pressure transducer measured water table depth. A full list of NetCDF variables can be found in “A continuous hydrometeorological record (2004–2024) at the Met Office surface site of Cardington, UK.” Osborne et al. (2025). This paper should be referenced in any research/publications pertaining to this dataset. To ensure optimal traceability and transparency of data, comprehensive metadata is included.

This repository provides a continuous hydrometeorological record of the Met Office Observation-based research Boundary Layer Facility at the semi-rural field site (18 Ha) of Cardington (52° 06′ N, 00° 25′ W, 29 m ± 1 m amsl) in central-southern England between 2004 and 2024. The dataset contains recorded surface meteorology, radiation and subsoil from sensor measurements at 30 minute averaging period and measured by instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts. Instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts include: • Vector Instruments T302 PRT temperature sensors were located at all heights. • Screened and aspirated HMP155s were located at all heights. • Gill HS50 3-D horizontally symmetric ultrasonic anemometers were located at all heights. • Licor Li-7500 open-path hygrometer was located at 10m. • Setra Model 270 transducer measured barometric pressure at 1.5 m. • Michell chilled mirror hygrometer measured dew and frost point temperature at 1.2 m • Covariances over 30 minute intervals were used to calculate the turbulent heat fluxes. The sonic data have cross-wind speed correction, coordinate rotation, detrending and despiking applied. • For latent heat flux calculations over 30 minute intervals, the 10-m covariance using the Licor hygrometer should be used as standard. Surface instrumentation includes: • Rainfall is measured with a Met Office Mk5 tipping-bucket gauge with a 0.2 mm accuracy. • Screened and aspirated Rotronics Hydroclip2 measured grass canopy air temperature and RH located at 0.4 m, 0.15 m and 0.08 m. Radiation instrumentation includes: • Clear-domed Kipp and Zonen CM21 pyranometers located at 2 m measured global downwelling, diffuse downwelling, and upwelling components (of wavelength between 0.3-3 μm). • Kipp and Zonen CG4 pyrgeometers located at 2 m measured the downwelling and upwelling longwave radiation (4.5–40 μm). • Grass canopy, or skin temperature was measured radiometrically with the Heitronics KT15 pyrometer. Aerosol and visibility instrumentation includes: • A Belfort 6230A instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility) (2004-April 2011). • A Biral HSS VPF-730 instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility), and for the determination of present weather (April 2011-2024). • Visible total scattering coefficients were measured with MRI integrating nephelometer (2004-2011) and Optec integrating nephelometer (2011-2024) located at 3 m. Subsoil instrumentation includes: • Delta-T ML2/ML3 theta probes measured volumetric soil moisture at depths of 10, 22, 57 and 160 cm. • Delta-T PRT measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (2004-March 2012). • Delta-T ST2-396 thermistor probes measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (March 2012-2024). • Hukseflux HFP01SC flux plate measured ground heat flux. • Druck 1830 pressure transducer measured water table depth. A full list of NetCDF variables can be found in "Continuous meteorological surface and soil records (2004-2024) at the Met Office surface site of Cardington, UK." Osborne et al. ESSD (2025). This paper should be referenced in any research/publications pertaining to this dataset. To ensure optimal traceability and transparency of data, comprehensive metadata is included.

This repository provides a continuous hydrometeorological record of the Met Office Observation-based research Boundary Layer Facility at the semi-rural field site (18 Ha) of Cardington (52° 06′ N, 00° 25′ W, 29 m ± 1 m amsl) in central-southern England between 2004 and 2024. The dataset contains recorded surface meteorology, radiation and subsoil from sensor measurements at 10-minute averaging period and measured by instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts. Instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts include: • Vector Instruments T302 PRT temperature sensors were located at all heights. • Screened and aspirated HMP155s were located at all heights. • Gill HS50 3-D horizontally symmetric ultrasonic anemometers were located at all heights. • Licor Li-7500 open-path hygrometer was located at 10m. • Setra Model 270 transducer measured barometric pressure at 1.5 m. • Michell chilled mirror hygrometer measured dew and frost point temperature at 1.2 m • Covariances over 10 minute intervals were used to calculate the turbulent heat fluxes. The sonic data have cross-wind speed correction, coordinate rotation, detrending and despiking applied. • For latent heat flux calculations over 10 minute intervals, the 10-m covariance using the Licor hygrometer should be used as standard. Surface instrumentation includes: • Rainfall is measured with a Met Office Mk5 tipping-bucket gauge with a 0.2 mm accuracy. • Screened and aspirated Rotronics Hydroclip2 measured grass canopy air temperature and RH located at 0.4 m, 0.15 m and 0.08 m. Radiation instrumentation includes: • Clear-domed Kipp and Zonen CM21 pyranometers located at 2 m measured global downwelling, diffuse downwelling, and upwelling components (of wavelength between 0.3-3 μm). • Kipp and Zonen CG4 pyrgeometers located at 2 m measured the downwelling and upwelling longwave radiation (4.5–40 μm). • Grass canopy, or skin temperature was measured radiometrically with the Heitronics KT15 pyrometer. Aerosol and visibility instrumentation includes: • A Belfort 6230A instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility) (2004-April 2011). • A Biral HSS VPF-730 instrument located at 2 m measured visual range through air (visibility), and for the determination of present weather (April 2011-2024). • Visible total scattering coefficients were measured with MRI integrating nephelometer (2004-2011) and Optec integrating nephelometer (2011-2024) located at 3 m. Subsoil instrumentation includes: • Delta-T ML2/ML3 theta probes measured volumetric soil moisture at depths of 10, 22, 57 and 160 cm. • Delta-T PRT measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (2004-March 2012). • Delta-T ST2-396 thermistor probes measured soil temperature at 1, 4, 7, 10, 17, 35, 65 and 100 cm (March 2012-2024). • Hukseflux HFP01SC flux plate measured ground heat flux. • Druck 1830 pressure transducer measured water table depth. A full list of NetCDF variables can be found in "Continuous meteorological surface and soil records (2004-2024) at the Met Office surface site of Cardington, UK." Osborne et al. ESSD (2025). This paper should be referenced in any research/publications pertaining to this dataset. To ensure optimal traceability and transparency of data, comprehensive metadata is included.

This dataset contains time series observations of surface-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water, and energy, as well as supporting micrometeorological, soil physics, and vegetation measurements. Data have been obtained at ten eddy covariance (EC) flux observation sites across England and Wales. Sites were active for different time periods between 2018 and 2023. Flux data include net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE), sensible heat (H), and latent heat (LE). Examples of ancillary and vegetation data include measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, components of radiation, soil heat flux, soil temperature and moisture, precipitation, water table depth, biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and canopy height. This work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCAPE programme delivering National Capability. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/06d7c463-298c-4c7e-a4c3-55d003aa91cb

This repository provides a continuous hydrometeorological record of the Met Office Observation-based research Boundary Layer Facility (BLF) at the semi-rural field site (14 Ha) of Cardington (52° 06′ N, 00° 25′ W, 29 m ± 1 m above mean sea level) in central-southern England between 2004 and 2024. The dataset contains recorded surface meteorology, radiation and subsoil from in-situ sensor measurements at four averaging periods, '01', '05', '10' or '30' minute intervals and measured by instruments mounted on 2 m, 10 m, 25 m and 50 m masts. In addition, specialist remote-sensing instruments including microwave radiometers, Halo Doppler lidars, ceilometers and disdrometer datasets are provided. A full list of NetCDF variables can be found in "Continuous meteorological surface and soil records (2004-2024) at the Met Office surface site of Cardington, UK." Osborne et al. ESSD (2025). This paper also provides a technical introduction to the Cardington site, core instrumentation, specialist radiometers, the land surface model (LSM) forcing dataset derived from the principal dataset and a description of the file formats used in the archived products. This paper should be referenced in any research/publications pertaining to this dataset collection.