The model-generated dataset includes simulated daily dry matter accumulation of above-ground organs (leaves, stems and grains) of winter wheat and maize, soil water content in different soil layers and organic matter stocks in the topsoil and subsoil layers, and final crop dry matter from 1983 to 2004 (wheat) or 2015 (maize). A prediction of the variables under various future climatic scenarios is also included. The SPACSYS model was applied to a historic experimental site on the Loess Plateau in China. Observed crop yields of winter wheat from 1993 to 2004 and maize from 1983 to 2015 were used to validate the model. The validated model was run again under different climate scenarios from 2015 to 2049 to predict daily dry matter accumulation of above-ground organs including leaves, stems and grains, daily soil water content in different layers and soil organic carbon stocks in the topsoil and subsoil layers. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/03e74f94-88a5-4f09-b9ea-1447dd3e2b85