This dataset consists of headwater quality data for sites across Wales between 2021 and 2023), collected as part of the Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring and Modelling Programme (ERAMMP) National Field Survey. Data include water chemistry and ecological quality metrics, River Habitat Survey data (including information on substrates, flow types, aquatic vegetation, channel and bank materials, modifications and natural features, riparian land use, artificial features, spot check records, tree cover and associated features and Habitat Modification and Habitat Quality indices), macro-invertebrate taxonomic and abundance data, diatom taxonomic and abundance data, headwater quality indices derived from both the invertebrate and diatom communities and associated environmental data. Headwater streams were surveyed within a set of 101 x 1km squares across Wales, collected as part of the Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring and Modelling Programme (ERAMMP) National Field Survey. ERAMMP follows an earlier monitoring programme, the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP), which was set up by the Welsh Government in 2013 to monitor the effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme on the environment and ran from 2013 to 2016. The field survey element for both GMEP and ERAMMP was based on a stratified random sampling design of 300 x 1km square sites across Wales (225 of which were resurveyed for ERAMMP in 2021-23, though not all squares contained headwater streams). It was managed by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/776f99f4-1506-4f7f-920f-8318561d4085

This dataset contains time series observations of surface-atmosphere exchanges of sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) and momentum (τ) measured at UKCEH eddy covariance flux observation sites during summer 2019. The dataset includes ancillary weather and soil physics observations made at each site. Eddy covariance (EC) and micrometeorological observations were collected using open-path eddy covariance systems. Flux, meteorological and soil physics observations were collected and processed using harmonised protocols across all sites. This work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCAPE programme delivering National Capability. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/0254620f-9cf1-4d5b-af3f-bd8a6af95e96

This dataset contains 10km summarised occurrence data for terrestrial mammals as mapped in the Atlas of Mammal of Great Britain and Northern Ireland published by the Mammal Society in 2020. For each species 10km grid squares were categorised based on whether the species was recorded in that square only the current atlas time period (2000-2016), only the previous atlas time period (1960-1992) or in both time periods. The dataset contains data for all species mapped in the atlas, with the exception of cetaceans which are not included in the dataset. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/ab61349e-c055-477c-9872-22a4f7cc2473

This data set consists of measurements of lengths of linear landscape features and associated attributes from sites across Wales, collected between 2013 and 2016. Data are presented as lengths of features such as hedges ('woody linear features'), fences, walls, banks and streams, with associated species and condition measures where applicable. Features were surveyed within a set of up to 300 x 1km squares across Wales (not all sites contained linear features), collected as part of the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP). The monitoring programme was set up by the Welsh Government in 2013 to monitor the effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme on the environment and ran from 2013 to 2016. The field survey element was based on a stratified random sampling design of 300 x 1km square sites across Wales, and was managed by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/f481c6bf-5774-4df8-8776-c4d7bf059d40

This dataset includes records of plant species and abundance from within a wide range of land use types across Wales, collected as part of the Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring & Modelling Programme (ERAMMP) National Field Survey (NFS) between 2021-2023. ERAMMP NFS is a resurvey of all of the 300 locations from the initial Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) monitoring program (300 1km squares) on a rolling annual basis, with the aim to resurvey all sites between 2021 and 2025. Between 2021-2023 ERAMMP National Field Survey resurveyed 225 of those 300 for plant species and abundance. The initial monitoring program, GMEP, was set up by the Welsh Government in 2013 to report national trends and monitor the effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme on the environment and ran from 2013 to 2016. The field survey element was based on a stratified random sampling design of 300 x 1km square sites across Wales, and was managed by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/59e3be5c-8ac8-45cd-8e98-a69732755dc6

This dataset consists of counts of pollinating insects from sites across Wales, with associated information on flower cover and survey conditions. Data were collected during (1) transect walks and (2) timed observations of pollinator-flower interactions. Data were collected between 2013 and 2016 from sites across Wales as part of the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP). The monitoring programme was set up by the Welsh Government to monitor the effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme on the environment. The field survey element was based on a stratified random sampling design of 300 x 1km square sites across Wales, and was managed by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/3c8f4e46-bf6c-4ea1-9340-571fede26ee8

This dataset reports the responses of annual river flow to forestation in 43 catchments and contains 770 data points. Data shows the change in river flow following forestation at annual time scales, along control river flow measurements and associated metadata from primary and secondary sources. Data collection, processing and interpretation were performed by Laura Bentley and David A. Coomes between January 2018 and October 2019. Forestation was defined as a change in land cover from a stable, non-forested state to a forested one, independent of the long-term history of forest cover. Paired measurements of annual river flow following forestation (mm) and river flow under control land cover conditions (mm) are provided for each year that the catchment dataset satisfied our inclusion criteria. River flow response is provided as both an absolute difference (mm) and as a percentage of control flow in the same year. Estimates of catchment annual precipitation, annual potential evapotranspiration, forest age, forest area, and the year of study are provided for each river flow response data point. Metadata are provided concerning catchment land cover history, land use history, catchment area, forest type, average climate and the method of forest establishment. The dataset contains catchments that were planted with trees and catchments in which forest cover regenerated without planting. Historical forest cover was reported in some catchments, and not reported in others. The 43 catchments a distributed unevenly across the globe, in 13 countries. The length of time series for each catchment varies from 2 years to 57 years, with and average duration of 19 years. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/5baa5d91-d552-4fc6-8a8c-29ae45192d77

This is a dataset of environmental variables, total invertebrate abundance, and mean invertebrate body mass, sampled at 60 soil habitat patches in the Hengill geothermal valley, Iceland, from May to July 2015. The habitat patches span a temperature gradient of 5 to 22 deg C on average over the sampling period, yet they occur within 2 km of each other and have similar soil moisture, pH, total carbon, and total nitrogen. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/e00770f3-4acf-4fd5-ba29-0a4dbdca09a4

This data set includes a range of physico-chemical properties measured from topsoil within a wide range of land use types across Wales, collected as part of the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP). The properties included are: soil organic matter (loss on ignition (LOI)), derived carbon concentration, total soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen, total soil phosphorous, Olsen-phosphorous (within improved land only), pH, electrical conductivity, soil bulk density of fine earth, fine earth volumetric water content when sampled and soil water repellency - water drop penetration time. The monitoring programme was set up by the Welsh Government in 2013 to monitor the effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme on the environment and ran from 2013 to 2016. The field survey element was based on a stratified random sampling design of 300 x 1km square sites across Wales, and was managed by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/0fa51dc6-1537-4ad6-9d06-e476c137ed09

This dataset contains ~50,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, DNA mutations) for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and closely related members of the Pinus mugo complex, which were selected for inclusion on a 50K SNP Axiom array Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/cbaa464a-ac18-42bf-8518-c746d8d97270