This dataset comprises the geochemical and mineralogical analysis of six samples of massive sulphide deposit. Three samples were obtained from seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) systems obtained during RV Celtic Explorer cruise CE11009 (Mid-Atlantic Ridge 45° N, 2011) and RRS James Cook cruises JC082 (Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre, 2013) and JC138 (Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26° N, 2016). Three samples were obtained from land-based volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits on Wetar Island, Indonesia. It is thought these samples were obtained in 2002 at Kali Kuning and Lerokis Zones 4 and 5, but users should be aware there is little to no metadata about the Wetar Island sample origins. The sample analyses includes: (1) bulk geochemical analysis of sulphide samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for bulk and effluent analysis and inductively coupled plasma orbital emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), (2) petrographic descriptions of samples by reflective microscopy, (3) geochemical analysis of seawater samples during experiments by ICP-MS, (4) mineralogical analyses (X-ray Diffraction) of sulphide samples, (5) mineralogical analyses by Scanning Electron Microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) on sulphide grains, (6) SEM backscattered electron (BSE) images of reacted sulphide grains, and (7) surface areas determined by Brunauuer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. All analyses were undertaken as part of a PhD project which aimed to enhance understanding of sulphide oxidation kinetics, the formation of Fe-oxyhydroxide from sulphide oxidation, its capacity to retain metals that would otherwise be lost to seawater in SMS systems, and the implications for potential seafloor mining operations. Analyses took place at the University of Southampton and the National Oceanography Centre Southampton, funded under the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) project Ultramafic-hosted mineral Resource Assessment (ULTRA) grant, NE/S004068/1. This collection consists only of the data collected under the PhD project and not all data associated with the ULTRA project.

This dataset consists of measurements of 224Ra and macronutrients in core top water, porewaters and sediments, as well as calculated 224Ra and macronutrient fluxes (via 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium) from benthic incubations of replicate mesocosms containing selected benthic macrofauna. The experiments were conducted at the Biodiversity Ecosystem Futures Facility (BEFF lab) at the National Oceanography Centre Southampton during 2022. Sediment was collected from Rame Mud, Plymouth, and benthic organisms were collected from Rame Mud and from Loch Linhe, Scotland. For each incubation, homogenised, sieved (500 µm) sediment was added to a mesocosm to 10 cm depth, overlain by approximately 15 cm (approx. 1.3 L) seawater (0.45 µm filtered, UV sterilised, salinity 33), and left to settle for 24 hours before conducting a full water exchange. After water exchange, 1 individual of either Paraleptopentacta elongata , Edwardsia claparedii, Turritellinella tricarinata, or Amphiura chiajei was weighed and morphological measurements were taken before being added to the mesocosm. 3 replicates containing 1 individual were run for each species, in addition to 3 replicate control mesocosms containing no macrofauna. All mesocosms were continually aerated and maintained in a temperature-controlled water bath for 10 days under a 12:12h on/off light cycle. On days 4 and 8, 2.5ml of a mixed Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Tetraselmis suecica phytoplankton culture was added to all mesocosms. For a subset of mesocosms (mesocosms 14 and 15 ), daily water column nutrient samples (10 ml, 0.2 µm filtered) were taken ~5 cm below the water surface and frozen at -20°C for subsequent analysis. Experiments 1 & 2 were set up in the same manner, except that in experiment 2 only one species was included, but at higher replication (8 replicate mesocosms containing 1 individual each of E. claparedii + 1 control mesocosm). Water samples for macronutrient concentrations were analysed using a QuAAtro 39 autoanalyser (Seal Analytical) and samples for Ra activity were analysed using a Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter (RaDeCC) system.The work was conducted to quantify the influence of different species and individuals of benthic macrofauna on benthic flux, using 224Ra as a naturally occurring tracer of sediment-seawater exchange. For further information, please see the associated research paper doi: 10.1002/lno.70033

The Dynamics of Orkney Passage Outflow (DynOPO) project data set comprises physical oceanographic and hydrographic data, including measurements of turbulence, temperature, salinity and currents, complemented by bathymetric and meteorological data. Data were collected within the Orkney Passage by means of moorings and ship-launched instrumentation. RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR20150309 (JR310 & JR272D) ran from 09 March to 14 April 2015. It was not explicitly a DynOPO cruise, rather it undertook the deployment of a mooring for the project. Moorings were deployed in groups of 5 on CTD casts. RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR16005 ran from 17 March to 08 May 2017 and was the primary fieldwork element of the DynOPO project. The cruise had two main goals: (1) to conduct measurements of the hydrographic properties, velocity and turbulent processes of the Antarctic Bottom Water outflow along its pathway through the Orkney Passage region; and (2) to turn around a set of long-term moorings deployed in the area by British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) scientists, including recovery of additional instruments on some of the moorings deployed by DynOPO 2 years previously. Shipboard data collection involved the deployment of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) packages and Lowered Acoustic Doppler Profilers (LADCP) in the study area. Continuous measurements of current velocities (using vessel mounted ADCPs, VMADCPs), bathymetry and surface ocean and meteorological properties were collected throughout. The project received funding under NERC Standard Grants NE/K013181/1 and NE/K012843/1. The lead grant, NE/K013181/1, received funding between 31 March 2015 and 29 February 2020 and was led by Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato (University of Southampton, School of ocean and Earth Science). Grant NE/K013181/1 received funding between 01 October 2014 and 30 November 2018 and was led by Professor Michael Meredith (NERC British Antarctic Survey, Science Programmes). Mooring data collected for the DynOPO project are a component of a long term time series, in association with the Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) project, led by Emily Shuckburgh (British Antarctic Survey) since 2016. The time series originally started out as part of the British Antarctic Survey's Long-Term Monitoring and Survey (LTMS) programme, led by Keith Nicholls. Information about the time series can be found at https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/inventories/edmed/report/6565/ and the ORCHESTRA project https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/inventories/edmed/report/6618/ . The majority of the data have been received by the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) as raw files, processed and will be available online in the near future. Remaining data, which will be received in the near future, include: Turbulence, CTD, ADCP, currents, and salinity samples.

This dataset contains Radium (Ra) and Iron (Fe) concentrations along with supporting oceanographic measurements such as temperature and salinity of the water column. Data are from glacial melt waters around the West Antarctic Peninsula and Greenland as well as from the open southern ocean and at hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The data were collected for the Radium in Changing Environments: A Novel Tracer of Iron Fluxes at Ocean Margins (RaCE:TraX) project. The RaCE:TraX project is running between June 2017 and June 2022 and uses measurements of Radium (Ra) and Iron (Fe) along with knowledge of the half-life of Ra to predict supply and removal rates of Fe in the marine environment. The results hope to answer the questions 1) how much Fe comes from continental shelf sediments, 2) how much Fe is supplied by glacial meltwater, and 3) how rapidly is Fe scavenged from the metal-rich fluids at hydrothermal vents? Addressing these key gaps in the understanding of the marine Fe cycle will help determine how sensitive marine systems are to current Fe supply, as well as predict the impacts of changes in Fe supply on phytoplankton health, the biological pump, and global climate. The project is led by the University of Southampton School of Ocean and Earth Science and is a collaboration with the University of Bristol. The project received funding from the Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC, grant reference number: NE/P017630/1).

Two laboratory experiments were conducted at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton from June 2021 - April 2022 to investigate intraspecific variability in functional trait expression in marine bioturbating benthic invertebrate fauna. The macroinvertebrate species Amphiura filiformis, Amphiura chiajei, Turritellinella tricarinata, Edwardsia claparedii, Sternapsis scutata, Paraleptopentacta elongata, Hediste diversicolor and Nephtys hombergii were collected from different locations around the UK (Plymouth, Oban and Newcastle) and in two different seasons. In laboratory experiments ranging in duration from 2 - 3 months we investigated how individual densities, season and future vs ambient climate treatments impacted functional bioturbation behaviour and ecosystem functioning (nutrients release and community respiration).

As part of the the CHIMNEY project (NERC grant NE/N016130/1), multibeam bathymetry data were collected during RRS James Cook cruise JC152 to a subsea chimney structure in the northern North Sea around Scanner Pockmark in August-September 2017. Multibeam data were acquired using a Kongsberg EM-710 multibeam echosounder and processed by the JC152 Science Party. In conjunction with seismic profile data acquired on the same cruise, these data will help scientists understand the surface and internal structure and origin of the chimney structure. This will facilitate estimation of the permeability of the chimney and its surroundings, and enable leakage pathways to be determined. The potential for past oil and gas reservoirs and saline aquifers to be used as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) reservoirs of atmospheric CO2 can subsequently be explored. The safety of storing CO2 in such reservoirs is dependent on fully exploring the risks of any leakage via such chimney structures, which the CHIMNEY project will investigate. CHIMNEY is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and involves scientists from the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton and the University of Edinburgh. Investigators will work closely with project partners GEOMAR, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, CGG and Applied Acoustics. The project is complementary to the EU-funded Horizon 2020 project: Strategies for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Carbon Capture and Storage (STEMM-CCS).

Coastal flooding caused by extreme sea levels can produce devastating and wide-ranging consequences. The ‘SurgeWatch’ v1.0 database systematically documents and assesses the consequences of historical coastal flood events around the UK. The original database was inevitably biased due to the inconsistent spatial and temporal coverage of sea-level observations utilised. Therefore, we present an improved version integrating a variety of ‘soft’ data such as journal papers, newspapers, weather reports, and social media. SurgeWatch2.0 identifies 329 coastal flooding events from 1915 to 2016, a more than fivefold increase compared to the 59 events in v1.0. Moreover, each flood event is now ranked using a multi-level categorisation based on inundation, transport disruption, costs, and fatalities: from 1 (Nuisance) to 6 (Disaster). For the 53 most severe events ranked Category 3 and above, an accompanying event description based upon the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence framework was produced. The database contains 57 files: 1 XLSX file, 54 PDF files and 1 CSV file. The first file is a spreadsheet (XLSX) containing the list of all 329 coastal flood events in the database categorised according to the severity scale that we devised. The second and third files are PDF documents containing the short commentaries for all Category 1 and 2 events. There are an additional 53 PDF files containing the longer event commentaries for events ranked Category 3 and higher. A final CSV file contains the digitised storm tracks for the 53 Category 3 and higher events. Each of these files is self-describing and is accompanied by extensive metadata. SurgeWatch v2.0 provides the most comprehensive and coherent historical record of UK coastal flooding. It is designed to be a resource for research, planning and management and education. Haigh et al. (2017) provides more detail. Collation of the database and the development of the website was funded through a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) impact acceleration grant. The database contributes to the objectives of UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) consortium project FLOOD Memory (EP/K013513/1).

The iGlass project (using Inter-GLacials to Assess future Sea-level Scenarios) data set will comprise: acquisition of new relative sea-level data (sediments and microfossils - diatoms and foraminifera) from estuarine environments, speleothems (cave deposits), corals as well as chemical composition of marine plankton shells (foraminifera) contained in sediment cores, from around the world; palaeodata synthesis of interglacial sea level and climate; and modelling of isostatic, climate and sea-level changes and interactions during past interglacials. The iGlass consortium aims to better understand the processes of ice-sheet and sea-level response to climatic forcing using data from the recent geological past. The data will cover the time period between 427 and 115 thousand years before present covering Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5, 7, 9 and 11. The dataset currently includes the synthesis of high-latitude air and sea surface temperature from the last Interglacial MIS5 between 115 and 130 thousand years before present. Sediment coring and the analysis of microfossils within these, will acquire new sea-level data. There will be geophysical modelling of vertical land movements and gravitational effects, which cause deviations of regional sea level from the global mean trend. Investigation of climate/ice-sheet/sea-level interactions using both observations and modelling, to reveal the underlying processes. Coring will take place in Norfolk and the Red Sea and speleothems will be investigated in Bermuda. Data synthesis and some model output will concentrate on the high northern and southern latitudes; other model output will be global. iGlass is funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council and comprises the following research institutions; University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of York, University of Oxford, University of Durham, University of Bristol, University of Reading, University of Cambridge and British Antarctic Survey (BAS). It also includes two academic partners; University of Ottawa and Australian National University and three the non-academic partners; UKCIP, Environment Agency and Willis Ltd. There are also external researchers based at Oregon State University and National Center for Atmospheric Research. Currently the synthesis of high-latitude air and sea surface temperature from the last Interglacial MIS5 and the synthesis of coral indicators of past sea-level change are available from BODC. Other data will be added in due course.

This database, and the accompanying website called ‘SurgeWatch’ (http://surgewatch.stg.rlp.io), provides a systematic UK-wide record of high sea level and coastal flood events over the last 100 years (1915-2014). Derived using records from the National Tide Gauge Network, a dataset of exceedence probabilities from the Environment Agency and meteorological fields from the 20th Century Reanalysis, the database captures information of 96 storm events that generated the highest sea levels around the UK since 1915. For each event, the database contains information about: (1) the storm that generated that event; (2) the sea levels recorded around the UK during the event; and (3) the occurrence and severity of coastal flooding as consequence of the event. The data are presented to be easily assessable and understandable to a wide range of interested parties. The database contains 100 files; four CSV files and 96 PDF files. Two CSV files contain the meteorological and sea level data for each of the 96 events. A third file contains the list of the top 20 largest skew surges at each of the 40 study tide gauge site. In the file containing the sea level and skew surge data, the tide gauge sites are numbered 1 to 40. A fourth accompanying CSV file lists, for reference, the site name and location (longitude and latitude). A description of the parameters in each of the four CSV files is given in the table below. There are also 96 separate PDF files containing the event commentaries. For each event these contain a concise narrative of the meteorological and sea level conditions experienced during the event, and a succinct description of the evidence available in support of coastal flooding, with a brief account of the recorded consequences to people and property. In addition, these contain graphical representation of the storm track and mean sea level pressure and wind fields at the time of maximum high water, the return period and skew surge magnitudes at sites around the UK, and a table of the date and time, offset return period, water level, predicted tide and skew surge for each site where the 1 in 5 year threshold was reached or exceeded for each event. A detailed description of how the database was created is given in Haigh et al. (2015). Coastal flooding caused by extreme sea levels can be devastating, with long-lasting and diverse consequences. The UK has a long history of severe coastal flooding. The recent 2013-14 winter in particular, produced a sequence of some of the worst coastal flooding the UK has experienced in the last 100 years. At present 2.5 million properties and £150 billion of assets are potentially exposed to coastal flooding. Yet despite these concerns, there is no formal, national framework in the UK to record flood severity and consequences and thus benefit an understanding of coastal flooding mechanisms and consequences. Without a systematic record of flood events, assessment of coastal flooding around the UK coast is limited. The database was created at the School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton with help from the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, the National Oceanography Centre and the British Oceanographic Data Centre. Collation of the database and the development of the website was funded through a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) impact acceleration grant. The database contributes to the objectives of UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) consortium project FLOOD Memory (EP/K013513/1).

This dataset contains high and low water values manually digitised from historic hand-written tabulated ledgers, from the Port of London Authority (PLA). The dataset contains 463 years of data, from across 15 tide gauge sites along the Thames Estuary (bounding box = -0.3159W, 51.3914N, 1.3797E, 51.8428N), for the period 1911 to 1995. When these historic records are combined with digital records available from the PLA since 1995, the new sea level time-series spans the 109-year period from 1911 to 2019. London is one of the world’s most important coastal cities and is located around the Thames Estuary. Quantifying changes in sea levels in the Thames Estuary over the 20th century and early part of the 21st century is vital to inform future management of flood risk in London. This dataset is of importance for ongoing monitoring of mean sea-level rise, and changes in tidal range and extreme sea levels in the Thames Estuary. The project was led by the Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton and the Environment Agency, with contributions from the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemunde and the National Oceanography Centre. The study contributes to the objectives of UK National Environment Research Council (NERC) project E-Rise: Earliest detection of sea-level rise accelerations to inform lead time to upgrade/replace coastal flood defence infrastructure (NE/P009069/1; I.D.H.).