This dataset provides yearly estimates of near-global (65N-65S) ocean heat content and thermosteric sea-level depth-integrated for the upper 700 meters of the ocean for 1970 - 2023. The yearly values are presented with three-year smoothing and one-sigma error estimates. The dataset builds upon and updates the methodology established in Domingues et al. (2008, Nature), incorporating temperature measurements from ocean observation systems and applying corrections for instrumental biases and sampling irregularities. To estimate ocean heat content for the upper 700 m and the associated thermosteric sea level, we used ocean temperature profiles from the ENACT/ENSEMBLES version 3 (EN3) data set (1970-2004), and Argo/Ifremer profiling floats (2000-2023, updated January 2024). Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) were used to model variability of the time-varying sea level and were calculated from 23 years (1993–2015) of satellite altimeter data sourced from Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), (TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3).

The CreamT project converted the prototype WireWall wave overtopping field measurement system into a ruggedised monitoring system between August 2020 and August 2023. The system was deployed for up to a year in two high-energy coastal environments along the Southwest coast, UK (Dawlish and Penzance). The system was designed to have a 3-month maintenance interval and was programmed to measure overtopping condition ±3hrs either side of predicted high tide. The wave-by-wave overtopping data were telemetered to the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) every 10 minutes. At the time of the project, the coastal structures at these sites comprised a vertical sea wall with small return lip or curve at the top. Both sea walls were fronted by a beach. During the project period the Dawlish beach levels exposed a concreate toe at the base of the wall. In Penzance, the beach covered the sea wall toe and was higher in the southwest monitoring location. The system was designed at the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) and had previously been validated in HR Wallingford’s flume facility and field tested with Sefton Council (https://www.channelcoast.org/northwest/). During CreamT, three different system configurations were deployed: full WireWall systems each with an array of six capacitance sensors; smaller WireWand systems with two capacitance sensors mounted on a single pole to detect overtopping at hazard hotspots; and a WaveWell using a single sensor on the face of the sea wall. Six datasets are available from the CreamT project. These contain delayed mode data from: 1) a WireWall deployed at the crest of the sea wall in Dawlish; 2) a WireWand deployed at the wall just seaward of the railway line in Dawlish; 3) a WireWand deployed at the fence just inland of the railway line in Dawlish; 4) a WaveWell deployed on the face of the sea wall in Dawlish; 5) a WireWall deployed at the crest of the sea wall in Penzance near Queen’s Hotel, and; 6) a WireWall deployed at the crest of the sea wall in Penzance near the Lidal store at Wherrytown. The datasets in Dawlish provide information about the inland distribution of overtopping, and the two datasets in Penzance provide information about the alongshore variability in overtopping hazard. These data can be used alongside the regional monitoring data available from the Southwest Regional Monitoring Programme to investigate the drivers of wave overtopping. All these data can be visualised in a hazard dashboard developed by the BODC and hosted on JASMIN, https://coastalhazards.app.noc.ac.uk/. This project was delivered by the National Oceanography Centre in collaboration with BODC and the University of Plymouth under NERC Grant References NE/V002538/1 and NE/V002589/1. Project partners were Network Rail, Southwest Regional Monitoring Programme, Environment Agency and Channel Coastal Observatory.

The dataset contains 3D wide-angle seismic data from 18 ocean bottom nodes (OBXs) collected during RRS James Cook cruise JC254 in November 2023. The data were acquired at the 1330 Oceanic Core Complex and the Semenov Hydrothermal Field region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 13°30'N, and were shot in six sequences (SEM4A to SEM4F), along 15 profiles in total. Two GI-guns were used as seismic sources, each with a total volume of 355 cubic inches (250 cu. inch generator, 105 cu. inch injector chamber. The data were recorded at a sampling rate of 2000 Hz, with a shot interval of 20 s at a ship speed of 4 knots, resulting in shot interval of ~30 m, with no stop during profile turns. The data are provided in raw SEGY format, cut into four components (three geophone channels and one hydrophone channel). This dataset was collected to derive a seismic velocity structure of the 13°30'N Oceanic Core Complex (OCC). The aim was to investigate the crustal or mantle lithologies in the 13°30'N OCC and to understand the interplay between tectonic faulting, magmatism, alteration and hydrothermal circulation at the ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems along slow-spreading ridges. The data were collected as part of a NERC-funded strategic research project called 'Ultramafic-hosted mineral Resource Assessment (ULTRA)', grant reference NE/S004068/1. The data were processed and interpreted as part of a PhD studentship hosted by the University of Southampton, awarded to Szu-Ying Lai, and funded by Equinor A.S, Norway.

The GEBCO_2022 Grid is a global continuous terrain model for ocean and land with a spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds. In regions outside of the Arctic Ocean area, the grid uses as a base, Version 2.4 of the SRTM15+ data set between latitudes of 50 degrees South and 60 degrees North. This data set is a fusion of land topography with measured and estimated seafloor topography. Included on top of this base grid are gridded bathymetric data sets developed by the four Regional Centers of The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. The GEBCO_2022 Grid represents all data within the 2022 compilation. The compilation of the GEBCO_2022 Grid was carried out at the Seabed 2030 Global Center, hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, UK, with the aim of producing a seamless global terrain model. Outside of Polar regions, the gridded bathymetric data sets supplied by the Regional Centers, as sparse grids, i.e. only grid cells that contain data were populated, were included on to the base grid with blending with the aim of generating a continuous terrain surface. The data sets supplied in the form of complete grids (primarily areas north of 60N and south of 50S) were included using feather blending techniques from GlobalMapper software. The primary GEBCO_2022 grid contains land and ice surface elevation. In addition, a version of the data set is made available with under-ice topography/bathymetry information for Greenland and Antarctica. The GEBCO_2022 Grid has been developed through the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. This is a collaborative project between the Nippon Foundation and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). It aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. Funded by the Nippon Foundation, the four Seabed 2030 Regional Centers include the Southern Ocean - hosted at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany; South and West Pacific Ocean - hosted at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand; Atlantic and Indian Oceans - hosted at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA; Arctic and North Pacific Oceans - hosted at Stockholm University, Sweden and the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire, USA.

The GEBCO_2024 Grid is a global continuous terrain model for ocean and land with a spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds. In regions outside of the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean areas, the grid uses as a base, Version 2.6 of the SRTM15+ data set between latitudes of 50 degrees South and 60 degrees North. This data set is a fusion of land topography with measured and estimated seafloor topography. Included on top of this base grid are gridded bathymetric data sets developed by the four Regional Centers of The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. The GEBCO_2024 Grid represents all data within the 2024 compilation. The compilation of the GEBCO_2024 Grid was carried out at the Seabed 2030 Global Center, hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, UK, with the aim of producing a seamless global terrain model. Outside of Polar regions, the gridded bathymetric data sets supplied by the Regional Centers, as sparse grids, i.e. only grid cells that contain data were populated, were included on to the base grid with blending with the aim of generating a continuous terrain surface. The data sets supplied in the form of complete grids (primarily areas north of 60N and south of 50S) were included using feather blending techniques from GlobalMapper software. The primary GEBCO_2024 Grid contains land and ice surface elevation. In addition, a version of the data set is made available with under-ice topography/bathymetry information for Greenland and Antarctica. The GEBCO_2024 Grid has been developed through the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. This is a collaborative project between the Nippon Foundation and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). It aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. Funded by the Nippon Foundation, the four Seabed 2030 Regional Centers include the Southern Ocean - hosted at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany; South and West Pacific Ocean - hosted at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand; Atlantic and Indian Oceans - hosted at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA; Arctic and North Pacific Oceans - hosted at Stockholm University, Sweden and the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire, USA.

The GEBCO_2025 Grid is a global continuous terrain model for ocean and land with a spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds. In regions outside of the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean areas, the grid uses as a base, Version 2.7 of the SRTM15+ data set between latitudes of 50 degrees South and 60 degrees North. This data set is a fusion of land topography with measured and estimated seafloor topography. Included on top of this base grid are gridded bathymetric data sets developed by the four Regional Centers of The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. The GEBCO_2025 Grid represents all data within the 2025 compilation. The compilation of the GEBCO_2025 Grid was carried out at the Seabed 2030 Global Center, hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, UK, with the aim of producing a seamless global terrain model. Outside of Polar regions, the gridded bathymetric data sets supplied by the Regional Centers, as sparse grids, i.e. only grid cells that contain data were populated, were included on to the base grid with blending with the aim of generating a continuous terrain surface. The data sets supplied in the form of complete grids (primarily areas north of 60N and south of 50S) were included using feather blending techniques from GlobalMapper software. The primary GEBCO_2025 Grid contains land and ice surface elevation. In addition, a version of the data set is made available with under-ice topography/bathymetry information for Greenland and Antarctica. The GEBCO_2025 Grid has been developed through the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. This is a collaborative project between the Nippon Foundation and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). It aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. Funded by the Nippon Foundation, the four Seabed 2030 Regional Centers include the Southern Ocean - hosted at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany; Pacific Ocean - hosted at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand; Atlantic and Indian Oceans - hosted at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA; Arctic and North Pacific Oceans - hosted at Stockholm University, Sweden and the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire, USA.

This dataset contains monthly and annual means of ocean and sea ice variables from a 61 year (1948-2009) integration of the GOS6 model configuration at 1/4° horizontal resolution. The ocean output fields on T, U, V, and W grids are provided in separate files. The ocean component is on a 1/4° grid (eORCA025) with 75 vertical levels. The temperature and salinity fields were initialised from EN4 climatology (Good et al., 2013) and forced by the CORE2 surface dataset (Large & Yeager, 2009). All initialisation and ancillary data are also included. The outputs were generated under the UK Earth System Modelling (UKESM) project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under grant reference NE/N018036/1.

This dataset contains monthly means of ocean and sea ice variables from a 61 year (1948-2009) integration of the GOS6 model configuration at 1degree horizontal resolution. The ocean output fields on T, U, V, and W grids are provided in separate files. The ocean component is on a 1 degree grid (eORCA1) with 75 vertical levels. The temperature and salinity fields were initialised from EN4 climatology (Good et al., 2013) and forced by the CORE2 surface dataset (Large & Yeager, 2009). All initialisation and ancillary data are also included. The outputs were generated under the UK Earth System Modelling (UKESM) project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under reference NE/N018036/1.

Two laboratory experiments were conducted at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton from June 2021 - April 2022 to investigate intraspecific variability in functional trait expression in marine bioturbating benthic invertebrate fauna. The macroinvertebrate species Amphiura filiformis, Amphiura chiajei, Turritellinella tricarinata, Edwardsia claparedii, Sternapsis scutata, Paraleptopentacta elongata, Hediste diversicolor and Nephtys hombergii were collected from different locations around the UK (Plymouth, Oban and Newcastle) and in two different seasons. In laboratory experiments ranging in duration from 2 - 3 months we investigated how individual densities, season and future vs ambient climate treatments impacted functional bioturbation behaviour and ecosystem functioning (nutrients release and community respiration).

The GEBCO_2023 Grid is a global continuous terrain model for ocean and land with a spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds. In regions outside of the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean areas, the grid uses as a base, Version 2.5.5 of the SRTM15+ data set between latitudes of 50 degrees South and 60 degrees North. This data set is a fusion of land topography with measured and estimated seafloor topography. Included on top of this base grid are gridded bathymetric data sets developed by the four Regional Centers of The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. The GEBCO_2023 Grid represents all data within the 2023 compilation. The compilation of the GEBCO_2023 Grid was carried out at the Seabed 2030 Global Center, hosted at the National Oceanography Centre, UK, with the aim of producing a seamless global terrain model. Outside of Polar regions, the gridded bathymetric data sets supplied by the Regional Centers, as sparse grids, i.e. only grid cells that contain data were populated, were included on to the base grid with blending with the aim of generating a continuous terrain surface. The data sets supplied in the form of complete grids (primarily areas north of 60N and south of 50S) were included using feather blending techniques from GlobalMapper software. The primary GEBCO_2023 Grid contains land and ice surface elevation. In addition, a version of the data set is made available with under-ice topography/bathymetry information for Greenland and Antarctica. The GEBCO_2023 Grid has been developed through the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project. This is a collaborative project between the Nippon Foundation and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). It aims to bring together all available bathymetric data to produce the definitive map of the world ocean floor by 2030 and make it available to all. Funded by the Nippon Foundation, the four Seabed 2030 Regional Centers include the Southern Ocean - hosted at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany; South and West Pacific Ocean - hosted at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand; Atlantic and Indian Oceans - hosted at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA; Arctic and North Pacific Oceans - hosted at Stockholm University, Sweden and the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire, USA.