Table S1.xlsx is Table S1, which contains 2D measurements of cell clusters used in Fig. 5 (this is also available from the publisher's website). The folders SMNH X 4447, SMNH X 5331 and SMNH X 5357 contain data from X-ray tomographic analyses of fossils figured in the paper: For SMNH X 5331 (the conical fossil that is the focus of the paper) there are two zip archives: 1. Slice data and Avizo files, containing: - Slice data: the raw scan data (.tif image stack) - Label files for cell clusters and individual cells: Avizo projects (.hx) containing the labels and the files required to open the project file. The cluster labels are based on a downsampled version of the data which is included here as slice data (.tif image stack). Voxel sizes for this file are 0.325 x 1.3 x 0.325 micrometers. 2. Working files, containing: - Surface models: .ply files for clusters and individual cells. - Segmented stacks: the label files as .tif stacks (voxel sizes as per slice data: 0.325 x 0.325 x 0.325 micrometres (cell labels); 0.325 x 1.3 x 0.325 micrometers (cluster labels)). SMNH X 4447 and SMNH X 5357 (two specimens figured for comparison) there is: - Slice data: zip archives of the raw scan data (.tif image stack). The individual slices (.tif images) can be viewed with standard graphics software, and the datasets can be studied in 3D using tomographic reconstruction software such as Avizo (www.vsg3d.com/), Spiers (www.spiers-software.org/), VG Studio Max (www.volumegraphics.com) etc. The Avizo project and label files (.hx and .am files) require Avizo software (www.vsg3d.com/) to be opened. The 3D models (.ply files) are widely compatible with 3D freeware packages such as MeshLab (http://meshlab.sourceforge.net/) or Blender (https://www.blender.org/), or with proprietary software, e.g. Avizo (www.vsg3d.com/), Geomagic (http://www.geomagic.com/en/), Mimics (http://biomedical.materialise.com/mimics). The files relate to the following publication: Cunningham, J. A., Vargas, K., Marone, F., Bengtson, S. & Donoghue, P. C. J. 2016. A multicellular organism with embedded cell clusters from the Ediacaran Weng'an biota (Doushantuo Formation, South China). Evolution & Development

X-ray CT scan dataset of Darley Dale sandstone sample tts6. This sample was deformed in a true triaxial apparatus, and is fully described in the PhD thesis of Stuart (1992, UCL). The sample is a cube, measuring approximately 50 mm on a side. The sample experienced two sets of true triaxial deformation (test DDSS0009 and DDSS0010), with different applied stresses in the 1, 2 and 3 directions. This deformation produced distinct families of brittle microcracks, which were detected using acoustic emissions and seismic velocity analysis. This X-ray CT scan dataset was collected in 2019 at the University of Aberdeen by Dr Stewart Chalmers and Dr Dave Healy.

3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath Macquarie Island and surrounding region from teleseismic tomography. The dataset contains data and files that can be used to plot the teleseismic tomography model that was produced from broadband seismic data collected as part of the Macquarie Ridge experiment undertaken in 2020-2021 (NERC grant NE/T000082/1). The model region approximately spans 53° - 56° South and 157° - 160.5° East. The data can be accessed from the AusPass data portal at https://auspass.edu.au/networks/macquarieridge.html. The information contained in this repository can be used to plot or otherwise use this model for other purposes. The dataset includes a detailed description of the format in a README file.

The data are from X-ray tomographic analyses of tubular fossils. All scans were carried out using Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomographic Microscopy (SRXTM) except for specimen SMNH X 5324 which was also analysed using Ptychographic X-ray Computed Tomography (PXCT). The methods are described in the paper. The data consist of a stacked series of .tif files that represent maps of X-ray attenuation. The individual slices can be viewed with standard graphics software. The datasets can be studied in 3D using tomographic reconstruction software such as Avizo (www.vsg3d.com/), Spiers (www.spiers-software.org/), VG Studio Max (www.volumegraphics.com) etc. The voxel size, which is needed for scale calculations, varies between datasets and is given below. Some datasets consist of two 'blocks' of data, with slices named [specimen name]_B1 and [specimen name]_B2. These are placed in the same folder and follow on directly from one another. They can be opened together as a single dataset. The files relate to the following publication: Cunningham, J. A., Vargas, K., Liu, P., Belivanova, V., Marone, F., Martinez-Perez, C., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Holler, M., Bengtson, S. & Donoghue, P. C. J. 2015. Critical appraisal of tubular putative eumetazoans from the Ediacaran Weng'an Doushantuo biota. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences.

These images were acquired using micro computed tomographic imaging of 7 sandstone plugs taken at various depths in the Sellafield borehole 13B. SF696 (63.8 m), SF697 (76.1 m), SF698 (96.98 m), SF699 (126.27 m), SF700 (144.03 m), SF701 (172.16 m) and SF702 (181.39 m). These samples are further detailed and analysed in the following article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2020-092

The images in this dataset are a sample of Ketton carbonate from a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan acquired with a voxel resolution of 4.52 µm. This dataset is part of a study on the effects of Voxel Resolution in a study of flow in porous media. A brief overview of this study summarised from Shah et al 2015 follows. A fundamental understanding of flow in porous media at the pore-scale is necessary to be able to upscale average displacement processes from core to reservoir scale. The study of fluid flow in porous media at the pore-scale consists of two key procedures: Imaging reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) pore space images; and modelling such as with single and two-phase flow simulations with Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) or Pore-Network (PN) Modelling. Here we analyse pore-scale results to predict petrophysical properties such as porosity, single phase permeability and multi-phase properties at different length scales. The fundamental issue is to understand the image resolution dependency of transport properties, in order to up-scale the flow physics from pore to core scale. Shah, S M, Gray, F, Crawshaw, J P, and Boek, E S. 2015. Micro-Computed Tomography pore-scale study of flow in porous media: Effect of Voxel Resolution. Advances in Water Resources July 2015 doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.07.012

The datasets contain 416 time-resolved synchrotron X-ray micro-tomographic images (grey-scale and segmented) of multiphase (brine-oil) fluid flow in a carbonate rock sample at reservoir conditions. The tomographic images were acquired at a voxel-resolution of 3.28 µm and time-resolution of 38 s. The data were collected at beamline I13 of Diamond Light Source, U.K., with an aim of investigating pore-scale processes during immiscible fluid displacement under a capillary-controlled flow regime, which lead to the trapping of a non-wetting fluid in a permeable rock. Understanding the pore-scale dynamics is important in many natural and industrial processes such as water infiltration in soils, oil recovery from reservoir rocks, geo-sequestration of supercritical CO2 to address global warming, and subsurface non-aqueous phase liquid contaminant transport. Further details of the sample preparation and fluid injection strategy can be found in Singh et al. (2017). These time-resolved tomographic images can be used for validating various pore-scale displacement models such as direct simulations, pore-network and neural network models, as well as to investigate flow mechanisms related to the displacement and trapping of the non-wetting phase in the pore space.

Nanoscopic (50 < size < 150 nm) magnetic particles embedded within the unaltered interior of mineral crystals like zircons (ZrSiO 4 ) make ideal candidates to record the information about the earth's magnetic field (geodynamo). Information regarding the magnitude of the field can be obtained by measuring the natural remnant magnetization (NRM) of these carriers and further information on the approximate size range of the carriers can be obtained by carrying out thermal remnant magnetization measurements (TRM). However very little is known about the actual morphology and spatial distribution of these carriers in order to understand the fundamental parameters influencing paleomagnetic recording. We propose to image pristine zircons crystals with simple geological histories containing large remnant magnetization using ptychotomography in order to investigate the size, shape and spatial distribution of nano-paleomagnetic carriers. This would also give us an opportunity to fine tune the ptychotomographic setup at I13-coherence branch. This data package consists of 3D maps of Bishop Tuff Zircons, relatively young. The folders contain a stack of .tiff files which can be loaded into imagej, dragonfly, aviso for segmentation purposes.

The datasets contain 40 time-resolved segmented X-ray micro-tomographic images showing mineral dissolution of carbonate rock samples containing dolomite and calcite via CO2 acidified brine fluid flow at reservoir conditions. The tomographic images were acquired at a voxel-resolution of 5.2 µm and time-resolution of 33 minutes. The data were collected with lab based microCT, with an aim of investigating the influences of rock mineral and physical heterogeneity on dissolution patterns and changes to dynamic rock properties at the pore-scale. Further details of the experimental methodology can be found in Al-Khulaifi et al. (2019). These time-resolved tomographic images can be used to validate pore-scale multimineral reactive transport models.

A continuous four-year record of physicochemical properties of soils deglaciated in the last century due to the retreat of Midtre Lovénbreen (ML) glacier in the vicinity of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Below ground data are accompanied by an over ground three-year (2022-2024) photographic record aimed at capturing snow depth levels during the transition seasons between Arctic summer and winter (NET0105681_SUNSPEARS_Photographic data). This dataset aids our understanding of deglaciated soil evolution in the current rapidly changing Arctic landscape. At four locations (reported in NET0105681_SUNSPEARS_GPS data) along the ML glacier forefield, in October 2020, soil in four different stages of development, depending on time elapsed since deglaciation, was sampled. Samples were processed in the laboratory in order to determine their texture (results reported in NET0105681_SUNSPEARS_Particle Size Analysis data) and X-ray CT scanned in order to determine their internal structure (CT reconstructed images reported in NET0105681_SUNSPEARS_Computed Tomography data). At two of the four sampling locations (SUN1 and SUN2), geophysical monitoring stations were installed, which use an array of sensors to continuously measure soil electrical resistivity in 3D (NET0105681_SUNSPEARS_PRIME 3D ERT data). Raw electrical resistivity data, instrument health data and corresponding reconstructed 3D electrical resistivity profile images (and timelapse videos) of the subsurface are included. Topographic surveys of all the sensors operated by the monitoring stations are included. In the vicinity of the two geophysical monitoring stations, longer and deeper electrical resistivity profiles were acquired. These allow one to image the boundary between the active layer (that freezes and thaws depending on ambient temperature) and underlying permanently frozen ground. Raw electrical resistivity data and corresponding reconstructed 2D electrical resistivity profile images of the subsurface are included (NET0105681_SUNSPEARS_PRIME 2D ERT data).