Version 2.0 This data set contains mesospheric carbon monoxide (CO) data acquired by the ground-based microwave radiometer of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS radiometer) stationed at Troll station in Antarctica (72 deg S, 2.5 deg E, 1270 amsl). The BAS radiometer has been designed in order to study the effects of energetic particle precipitation on the middle and upper atmosphere, using nitric oxide and ozone measurements. This data set contains the CO measurements carried out in order to study the dynamical context. The data set covers the period from February 2008 to January 2010, however, due to very low CO concentrations below approximately 80 km altitude in summer, profiles can only be retrieved during Antarctic winter. CO is measured for approximately 2 hours each day (80 percent of the profiles are within +-2 hours around local noon) and profiles are retrieved approximately every half hour. The retrieved profiles, cover two independent layers in the pressure range from 1 to 0.01 hPa (approximately 48 to 80 km, altitude resolution of approximately 16 km). In this version of the data; an additional column of "apriori vmr" has been included in the data files.

Version 1.0 This data set contains mesospheric carbon monoxide (CO) data acquired by the ground-based microwave radiometer of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS radiometer) stationed at Troll station in Antarctica (72 deg S, 2.5 deg E, 1270 amsl). The BAS radiometer has been designed in order to study the effects of energetic particle precipitation on the middle and upper atmosphere, using nitric oxide and ozone measurements. This data set contains the CO measurements carried out in order to study the dynamical context. The data set covers the period from February 2008 to January 2010, however, due to very low CO concentrations below approximately 80 km altitude in summer, profiles can only be retrieved during Antarctic winter. CO is measured for approximately 2 hours each day (80 percent of the profiles are within +-2 hours around local noon) and profiles are retrieved approximately every half hour. The retrieved profiles, cover two independent layers in the pressure range from 1 to 0.01 hPa (approximately 48 to 80 km, altitude resolution of approximately 16 km).

This dataset contains mesospheric ozone (O3) data acquired by the ground-based British Antarctic Survey's Microwave Radiometer at Troll (BAS-MRT) in Antarctica (72 deg S, 2.5 deg E, 1270 amsl). The BAS radiometer has been designed in order to study the effects of energetic particle precipitation on the middle and upper atmosphere, using nitric oxide and ozone measurements, and the dynamical context using CO. This data set contains the O3 measurements. The data set covers the period from February 2008 to January 2010. O3 is measured for approximately 20 hours each day and profiles are retrieved every hour. The retrieved profiles cover the pressure range from 3 to 0.02 hPa (approximately 38 to 72 km), with an altitude resolution that varies from 10 km at 3 hPa (39 km) to 18 km at 0.7 hPa (66~km).

Two netcdf files are provided that contain daily precipitation amounts for January 1979 - July 2017 from the RACMO version 3p2 limited area, atmosphere-only model. The model is described in van Wessem, J. M., C. H. Reijmer, M. Morlighem, J. Mouginot, E. Rignot, B. Medley, and E. van Meijgaard, (2014) Improved representation of East Antarctic surface mass balance in a regional atmospheric climate model, Journal of Glaciology, 60, 761-770. The model was run over a 262 by 240 grid point domain covering Antarctica and parts of the Southern Ocean. The model was forced at the lateral boundaries by data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim). Flags are provided for extreme precipitation events. A precipitation day was taken as a daily total of precipitation of greater than 0.02 mm. Extreme precipitation events were then taken as days when daily precipitation amount was greater than the 90th percentile of the daily precipitation values over the period 1979 - 2016.

Relativistic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt are a significant space weather hazard. Satellites in GPS-type orbits pass through the heart of the outer radiation belt where they may be exposed to large fluxes of relativistic electrons. In this study we conduct an extreme value analysis of the daily average relativistic electron flux in GPS orbit as a function of energy and L using data from the US NS41 satellite from 10 December 2000 to 25 July 2020. The 1 in 10 year flux at L=4.5, in the heart of the outer radiation belt, decreases with increasing energy ranging from 8.2x10^6 cm^-2s^-1sr^-1MeV^-1 at E = 0.6 MeV to 33 cm^-2s^-1sr^-1MeV^-1 at E = 8.0 MeV. The 1 in 100 year is a factor of 1.1 to 1.7 larger than the corresponding 1 in 10 year event. The 1 in 10 year flux at L=6.5, on field lines which map to the vicinity of geostationary orbit, decrease with increasing energy ranging from 6.2x10^5 cm^-2s^-1sr^-1MeV^-1 at E = 0.6 MeV to 0.48 cm^-2s^-1sr^-1MeV^-1 at E = 8.0 MeV. Here, the 1 in 100 year event is a factor of 1.1 to 13 times larger than the corresponding 1 in 10 year event, with the value of the factor increasing with increasing energy. Our analysis suggests that the fluxes of relativistic electrons with energies in the range 0.6 <= E <= 2.0 MeV in the region 4.25 <= L <= 4.75 have an upper bound. In contrast, further out and at higher energies the fluxes of relativistic electrons are largely unbounded. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grants NE/V00249X/1 (Sat-Risk) and NE/R016038/1.

[This dataset is embargoed until September 30, 2026]. This dataset is a model output from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) model applied to the South Asia driven by Weather and Research Forecast model meteorology (WRF). It provides daily mean atmospheric compositions and fluxes of the South Asia on a 0.1° x 0.1° resolution grid for years 2015 and 2030. The EMEP model version used here is rv4.45, and the WRF model version is the 4.4.2. This work was carried out within the South Asian Nitrogen Hub funded by the UK Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) of UKRI administered by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (NE/S009019/1). Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/54511607-6cbf-424e-b352-c982de937d0a

This dataset contains fire emissions from Equatorial Asia for the years 2004, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2014 and 2015. The data is based on the Fire Inventory from National Center for Atmospheric Research with the addition of emissions from Indonesian peat fires, which contribute substantially to fire emissions in the region. The files for each year contain daily information on the area burned and emissions of several species, including CO, CO2 and PM2.5. Data is given for individual fires at 1km resolution. Fire emissions are provided for each year both for fires as measured, and under a scenario where degraded peatland in the region has been partially restored, reducing fire emissions. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/fdae44ed-8b22-4935-b889-b4b271138385

This dataset comprises observations of snowline from the Snow Survey of Great Britain (SSGB) at 140 sites across Scotland . Daily observations were made between 1945 and 2007. Observations were made by a ground observer who looked out from a given location at 0900 GMT each day and noted the elevation at which snow cover was greater than 50%. The initial aim was to 'secure representative data relating to the occurrence of snow cover at different altitudes in the various upland districts over the period October to June'. The data were collated by the British Glaciological Society until 1954 and thereafter by the Met Office. It has been transcribed from paper records held in the Met Office archives in Edinburgh. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/caf989a5-82d7-4db7-b6ff-c0475fdae07e

[THIS DATASET HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN]. 1 km gridded estimates of daily and monthly rainfall for Great-Britain and Northern Ireland (together with approximately 3000 km2 of catchment in the Republic of Ireland) from 1890 to 2015. The rainfall estimates are derived from the Met Office national database of observed precipitation. To derive the estimates, monthly and daily (when complete month available) precipitation totals from the UK rain gauge network are used. The natural neighbour interpolation methodology, including a normalisation step based on average annual rainfall, was used to generate the daily and monthly estimates. The estimated rainfall on a given day refers to the rainfall amount precipitated in 24 hours between 9am on that day until 9am on the following day. The CEH-GEAR dataset has been developed according to the guidance provided in BS 7843-4:2012. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/33604ea0-c238-4488-813d-0ad9ab7c51ca

This is version 2.0.1.2016f of Met Office Hadley Centre's Integrated Surface Database, HadISD. These data are global sub-daily surface meteorological data that extends HadISD v2.0.0.2015p to span 1931-2016 and includes an increase in the number of stations and an updated methodology and is the final version of the 2016 data. The quality controlled variables in this dataset are: temperature, dewpoint temperature, sea-level pressure, wind speed and direction, cloud data (total, low, mid and high level). Past significant weather and precipitation data are also included, but have not been quality controlled, so their quality and completeness cannot be guaranteed. Quality control flags and data values which have been removed during the quality control process are provided in the qc_flags and flagged_values fields, and ancillary data files show the station listing with a station listing with IDs, names and location information. The data are provided as one NetCDF file per station. Files in the station_data folder station data files have the format "station_code"_HadISD_HadOBS_19310101-20151231_v2-0-1-2016p.nc. The station codes can be found under the docs tab or on the archive beside the station_data folder. The station codes file has five columns as follows: 1) station code, 2) station name 3) station latitude 4) station longitude 5) station height. To keep up to date with updates, news and announcements follow the HadOBS team on twitter @metofficeHadOBS. For more detailed information e.g bug fixes, routine updates and other exploratory analysis, see the HadISD blog: http://hadisd.blogspot.co.uk/ References: When using the dataset in a paper you must cite the following papers (see Docs for link to the publications) and this dataset (using the "citable as" reference) : Dunn, R. J. H., Willett, K. M., Parker, D. E., and Mitchell, L.: Expanding HadISD: quality-controlled, sub-daily station data from 1931, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 473-491, doi:10.5194/gi-5-473-2016, 2016. Dunn, R. J. H., et al. (2012), HadISD: A Quality Controlled global synoptic report database for selected variables at long-term stations from 1973-2011, Clim. Past, 8, 1649-1679, 2012, doi:10.5194/cp-8-1649-2012 Smith, A., N. Lott, and R. Vose, 2011: The Integrated Surface Database: Recent Developments and Partnerships. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92, 704–708, doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3015.1 For a homogeneity assessment of HadISD please see this following reference Dunn, R. J. H., K. M. Willett, C. P. Morice, and D. E. Parker. "Pairwise homogeneity assessment of HadISD." Climate of the Past 10, no. 4 (2014): 1501-1522. doi:10.5194/cp-10-1501-2014, 2014.