Data were collected on olivine hosted melt inclusions from four Icelandic eruptions: Stapafell, Haleyjabunga, Berserkjahraun and Heilagsdalsfjall. These data were released as part of the paper "The global melt inclusion C/Ba array: Mantle variability, melting process, or degassing?", published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, with doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2020.09.030. The data collected to place new constraints on the volatile content of the Icelandic mantle source. The data include measurement of C and H by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, lithophile trace elements (including Ba and Nb) by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, and measurement of major element composition of the melt inclusions and their olivine hosts by Electron Probe Microanalysis. The data were collected in 2017-2018, between Edinburgh (NERC ion probe facility) and Cambridge (EPMA).

This dataset contains a catalogue of in-situ models for a fault activated by hydraulic fracturing in the Horn River Basin in July 2011. These were created as a part of Kettlety et al. (2019), wherein a Monte Carlo analysis was used to assess fault stability. See attached readme file for more details.

Ensemble of simulated groundwater levels for Iloilo, Philippines. The simulated time series of data covers the period December 1979 to December 2089 under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP 8.5). Each ensemble member csv file contains a timeseries of groundwater levels for thirteen locations within the Iloilo region. The textfile included in the folder shows the coordinates for these locations.

Earthquake hypocenters for all earthquakes detected on Montserrat by the Montserrat Volcano Observatory seismic network from July 1995 to February 2018 inclusive. Information includes: Origin Time, Latitude, Longitude, Depth, Hypocenter Errors, RMS and the number of stations used for each location.

Surface level measurements of the Halema'uma'u lava lake, Hawaii. Surface level was measured from a site at the crater rim (19.40452 N 155.27944 W 1125 M a.s.l) using the Eredar radar system, a ground-based X-band FMCW radar (described in detail here: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079177). Due to technical problems, the radar did not acquire continuously throughout its deployment. The dataset contains three blocks of successful continuous measurement periods (all times in UTC): 10 Jan 22:18 -> 11 Jan 08:46 11 Jan 21:24 -> 12 Jan 22:49 14 Jan 20:27 -> 14 Jan 23:01 Measurements were taken at a rate of ~1 Hz, using a 20 ms 400 MHz bandwidth Linear Frequency Modulated chirp centred at 10.25 GHz.

This data set contains a record of nitrate concentrations and isotopic composition present within the drip waters and speleothem carbonate deposits of Cueva-cubío del Llanío, northern Spain. Data were collected between 2018 to 2020, and specifically address the nitrate composition of the cave drip waters, pool waters, rocks, soil, vegetation and contemporary speleothem carbonate. Calculations are also undertaken to assess the partitioning of nitrate between cave drip water and speleothem carbonate deposits. Data pertaining to speleothem nitrate content also extend to other cave locations (Pooles cavern, UK; Brown's Folly Mine, UK, Ease Gill Caverns, UK; Rukiesa cave, Ethiopia; Cueva Perlas, N. Spain). Sample analysis was performed at Lancaster University and the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology under NERC facility access grant LSMSF\CEH\L\125\11\2018. The data presented represent the full underlying dataset to Wynn et al., 2021, Chemical Geology: DOI.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120172.

The data are from a suite of friction experiments performed on simulated fault gouges comprised of clay-quartz mixtures, sheared in a direct-shear arrangement. Some experiments were performed on gouge layers comprised of adjacent patches of kaolinite-clay and quartz (i.e. heterogeneous gouge layers), whereas others were performed on homogeneous mixtures of the two materials (i.e. homogeneous gouge layers). More information on the different types of experiment is provided in the accompanying metadata for this dataset. The relative proportions of clay and quartz were varied in different experiments. All experiments were performed at an effective normal stress of 40 MPa. The sliding velocity was stepped between 0.3 and 3 microns/s every 1 mm of displacement to calculated the rate-and-state friction parameter (a-b). The evolution of shear stress was monitored with increasing displacement (up to a maximum displacement of 8.5 mm).

The data are from a suite of friction experiments performed on simulated gouges from the Nankai Trough (Japan). The simulated gouges were prepared by crushing cuttings of Nankai accretionary sediments collected during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 358. The cuttings were crushed to produce a powder (i.e. simulated gouge) with a grain size of >125 microns. These simulated gouges were sheared under a range of effective normal stress (10-75 Mpa) and pore-fluid pressure (5-75 Mpa) conditions while the sliding velocity was stepped between 0.3 and 3 microns/s to calculated the rate-and-state friction parameter (a-b). The Nankai gouge are strongly rate-strengthening and become more rate-strengthening (i.e. more frictionally stable) at elevated pore-fluid pressure. In contrast, varying the effective normal stress has minimal effect on the frictional stability of the gouges.

The datasets consist of soil moisture (hourly-weekly), river stage (1 min), and groundwater level (hourly) collected as part of the BRAVE project (NE/M008827/1 and NE/M008983/1) to understand the resilience of boreholes in low-yielding aquifers in the River Volta Basin to climate. The data were collected from physical observatories in Sanon (Burkina Faso) and Aniabisi (Ghana). Soil moisture data were logged hourly beneath contrasting land uses and roaming soil moisture surveys were also undertaken across a wider access tube array. River stage was monitored at the catchment outlet in Sanon and groundwater levels were measured in both catchments.

The measurements and data were obtained to study the release of carbon dioxide during the chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks, and how these CO2 fluxes were related to environmental parameters (temperature, hydrology). Weathering of sedimentary rocks can result in CO2 release from the oxidation of rock organic carbon oxidation, but also due to the oxidation of sulfide minerals, production of sulfuric acid and subsequent release of CO2 from carbonate minerals. The rock-derived carbon sources are understudied, and form an important part of the geological carbon cycle. The CO2 flux measurements were made on 5 rock chambers (H4, H6, H7, H8 and H13) installed in the Draix-Bleone Critical Zone Observatory, France, on outcrops of Jurassic marls. Measurements and data were collected from December 2016 to May 2019. Regular visits to the site (~4 per year) returned data on total CO2 flux (Total-CO2-flux.csv). This was explored as a function of temperature and ambient hydroclimate (precipitation). The datasets include the total CO2 flux measured at each visit to a chamber, and measurements of the internal chamber temperature. To determine the source of CO2 measured in the chambers, we trapped the CO2 using zeolite sieves and recovered it in the laboratory. The radiocarbon activity (reported as fraction modern, F14C) and its stable isotope composition (d13C) were measured from CO2 collected from chambers H4 and H6 over the sampling period (Radiocarbon-data.csv). These were used in a mixing analysis to partition the source of CO2 using a mixing model approach (Partitioned-CO2-fluxes.csv) as explained in full in the published paper Soulet et al., 2021, Nature Geoscience. We also measured the geochemical characteristics of the bedrocks being measured (rock-geochemical-composition.csv), including the organic carbon concentration, inorganic carbon concentration and their isotopic composition. Finally, we measured environmental variables of interest - the chamber temperature and the air temperature at the Draix-Bleone observatory (chamber-temperature.csv and Air-temperature-at-laval-le-plateau-weather-station.csv, respectively). This research was funded by a European Research Council Starting Grant to Robert Hilton (ROC-CO2 project, grant 678779) and radiocarbon and stable isotope measurements were funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), UK, (NERC Environmental Isotope Facility NEIF Radiocarbon Allocation 2074.1017) to Guillaume Soulet, Robert Hilton and Mark Garnett. Full details of data analysis and interpretation can be found in Soulet et al., 2021, Temperature control on CO2 emissions from the weathering of sedimentary rocks, Nature Geoscience