The dataset consists of eleven spreadsheet tabs, each tab containing lipid biomarker palaeothermometry (air temperature reconstructions) and bulk organic carbon isotope data from individual lignites that are known to stratigraphically span the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary. Uncalibrated, raw biomarker distributions (glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers; GDGTs) are provided, as well as the calculated calibration outputs. Site coordinates are: West Bijou, Colorado (39°34'14'N, 104°18'09'W), Sussex, Wyoming (43°39'40"N, 106°19'06"W), Pyramid Butte, North Dakota (46°25'03'N, 103°58'33'W), Hell Creek Road, Montana (47°31'35"N, 106°56'23"W), Rock Creek West, Saskatchewan (49°02'20"N, 106°34'00"W), Wood Mountain Creek, Saskatchewan (49°25'20"N, 106°19'50"W), Frenchman Valley, Saskatchewan (49°20’56"N, 108°25’05"W), Knudesn’s Coulee, Alberta (51°54’27"N, 113°02’57"W) Griffith’s Farm, Alberta (51°54’47"N, 112°57’51"W), Coal Valley Cores (GSC CV-42-2, Cores 1 and 2), Alberta (53°05’02"N, 116°47’ 40"W) Police Island, Northwest Territories (64°52'42"N, 125°12'33"W).

Whole rock analyses (presented in parts per million, ppm) of volcanic samples from Mt. St Helens, Washington, USA. Detailed sample descriptions and given in Blundy et al. (2008) and references therein. All samples were analysed using solution ICP-MS at the Open University. Blundy, J., Cashman, K.V. and Berlo, K. (2008) Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions, in: Sherrod, D.R., Scott, W.E., Stauffer, P.H. (Eds.), A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006, Reston, VA, pp. 755-790.

Laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS analyses (presented in parts per million, ppm) of melt inclusions from the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens (18th May-16th October). Detailed sample collection methods are given in Blundy et al. (2008). Blundy, J., Cashman, K.V. and Berlo, K. (2008) Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions, in: Sherrod, D.R., Scott, W.E., Stauffer, P.H. (Eds.), A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006, Reston, VA, pp. 755-790.

High-precision CA-ID-TIMS (Chemical Abrasion Isotope Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry) Uranium-Lead geochronology of zircon, extracted from igneous plutonic and mineralised porphyry intrusions in the Rio Blanco-Los Bronces Cu Porphyry area, Chile. Eleven parent samples cover an age range of ca. 14 Ma to ca. 5 Ma. Sample Identifiers correspond to the NERC Highlight topic consortium project FAMOS (From Arc Magmas to Ores) samples from the Natural History Museum component of the project and Large et al.(2024) J. Pet, where full rock types, geo-references, petrography, and geochemistry of parent samples can be found in addition to zircon Cathodoluminesence and SEM characterization of zircon of samples, and the corresponding zircon trace element analyses (inclusive of U-Pb) by laser ablation ICPMS. This data provides insights into the crystallisation of zircon and timescales of porphyry copper deposits.

Stable isotope data of organic carbon, nitrogen and sulfur as well as trace elements are used to explore how proxies with differing residence times in seawater respond to changes in the basin’s connectivity to the open ocean. The results show that species with a short residence time, such as nitrate and rare earth elements, may be more sensitive to geologically brief fluctuations in oceanographic conditions than long-lived species like sulfate. Details about the methodology and sampling strategy can be found in Stu¨eken, E.E., Viehmann, S. and Hohl, S.V., 2023, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 7(7), pp.1337-1349.

This dataset contains the nitrogen, oxygen, and lithophile element geochemistry of whole rock, and distribution coefficients, and stable isotope fractionation factors for biotite, orthoclase, and plagioclase mineral separates from the Loch Doon Zoned Pluton, Scotland. The samples were collected from the northern limb of the Loch Doon pluton and are petrologically classified as are granodiorites and granites which show geochemical evidence for being a cogenetic zoned pluton. The data were collected over a time period of 2019-2022. These data were collected to investigate elemental partitioning and stable isotope fractionation of nitrogen between biotite, plagioclase, and orthoclase relative to each other and to the system (whole rock) during magmatic differentiation. This project was curiosity-driven science, and the anticipated interest groups are assumed to be the wider research community via scholarship and analytical protocols. These data were collected by an international team of scientists as part of Dr Toby Boocock’s PhD project. The full list of contributors are shown below: Boocock, TJ., Stüeken, ES., König, R., Mikhail, S, The University of St Andrews, UK (performed analysis, acquired samples, interpreted data) Bybee, GM, The University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa (performed analysis) Boyce, AJ, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, UK (performed analysis) Prytulak, J, Durham University, UK (interpreted data) Buisman, I, University of Cambridge, UK (performed analysis)

The dataset includes results from laboratory experiments aiming to explore the reduction and polymerization potential of phosphorus under metamorphic conditions. Table 1 shows the initial composition of the starting materials, as well as the conditions under which those materials were heated to metamorphic temperatures. Table 2 shows the analytical results, including mineralogy and phosphorus speciation. The results show that phosphate polymerization occurs at moderate temperatures of a <100 to ca. 300 degrees whereas phosphate reduction increases with increasing temperature. The presence of metallic catalysts impacts both processes. The results imply that a diverse suite of phosphorus species can be created during metamorphism, which may explain previous reports of reduced phosphorus in high-grade metamorphic rocks. This is relevant for the origin of life, where such species may have been important precursors for phosphorylated biomolecules.

Method development for trace-level analyses of phosphite in chloride-rich matrices. Dataset includes linearity data from the ion chromatograph (IC) in stand-alone mode and coupled to the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), with and without removing chloride from the solution, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for phosphorus species. The results demonstrate successful removal of the chloride matrix for analyses of phosphite in solutions at sub-ppb concentrations. Additional details about the methodology are published in Baidya, A.S. and Stüeken, E.E., 2024, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 38(1), p.e9665.

EPMA (Electron probe microanalysis) major element analyses of clinopyroxene, olivine, amphibole and glass from lava and tephra samples of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption. LAICPMS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) trace element analyses of selected clinopyroxene from the eruption sequence.

Isotope tracing data for 14C, 15N and 33P tracing between plants and symbiotic fungi in Lycopdiella inundata, Anthoceros and Phaeoceros sp. and Lunularia cruciata. All plants tested and traced in atmospheric CO2 conditions of 440 ppm [CO2] and 800 ppm [CO2]. Datasets includes total mass of plants and soils, Bq in each component of experimental systems and values in Bq and mg where appropriate.