8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3 English ISO/IEC 8859-1 (also known as Latin 1) dataset dataset NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg Lancaster LA1 4AP UK info@eidc.ac.uk https://eidc.ac.uk/ EIDC website The Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC) is the UK's national data centre for terrestrial and freshwater sciences. information pointOfContact 2025-11-19T15:12:17 UK GEMINI 2.3 WGS 84 Virtual urban testbed representing a Global South urban setting based on Nairobi, Kenya and Kathmandu, Nepal contexts 2025-04-22 publication https://catalogue.ceh.ac.uk/id/8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3 10.5285/8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3 doi: McCloskey, J., Menteşe, E.Y., Cremen, G., Gentile, R., Galasso, C., Filippi, M.E., Jenkins, L., Creed, M., Watson, C.S., Sinclair, H., Pelling, M. (2025). Virtual urban testbed representing a Global South urban setting based on Nairobi, Kenya and Kathmandu, Nepal contexts. NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre 10.5285/8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3 This dataset contains a digital urban scenario, named Tomorrowville, that is developed as a testbed for multi-hazard risk assessments and to evaluate the performance of urbanisation scenarios. Tomorrowville was created to represent a global-south urban setting by means of its socio-economic and physical aspects. It covers an area of 500ha located south of Kathmandu (Nepal). The dataset consists of 5 different data types: - Buildings: Data representing the building footprints for today and 50 years from now including specific attributes to be used within multi-hazard risk assessments. - Land uses: Data representing the land use information for today and 50 years from now. - Vulnerability: Tabular files that contain vulnerability functions for buildings under earthquake and flood hazards. - Household: Data that contains social attributes of the Tomorrowville, such as the level of education, age, gender and working status of the individuals and their states in the households. - Hazards: Data representing the hazards (earthquake (eq), floods (fl) and debris flows (df) that may impact the case study areas of Tomorrowville. Observational data of the built environment and socio-economical properties of Kathmandu and Nairobi were used in addition to synthetic social data to create the initial scenario. This is a synthetic social dataset, meaning it was derived from existing population projections and distributions for the testbed but does not reflect the reality on the ground. It is synthetically created using specific algorithms in a GIS environment to represent a Global South social context. For the building data, Open Street Map (OSM) database is used as a basis. The data is scraped from OSM and modified to represent an urban context for Tomorrowville. The attributes are also modified to be able to use in a multi-hazard risk computation. A taxonomy string is generated for each building that represents an acronym for its building code level, number of storeys, occupation type and structural system. The hazards that were existing in the selected spatial extent were earthquake, flood, and debris flow. Hazard data represents an intensity measure for the relevant hazard type (ground acceleration for earthquake, flow velocity for the flood and debris flow hazards). The following hazard input data are included: - For the flood simulations, the discharge and rainfall time series are generated based on moderate to peak daily data based on recorded data from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal. - Earthquake hazard sources are generated and simulated by Jenkins et al. (2023). - For the debris-flow and flood simulations tri-stereo Pleiades satellite imagery is used to produce a 2m resolution Digital Elevation Model. The work to create this dataset is supported by NERC as part of the GCRF Urban Disaster Risk Hub (NE/S009000/1) Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3 Menteşe, E.Y. Anofa Engineering, Planning and Informatics Ltd emin.mentese@anofa.co https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-4384 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information pointOfContact McCloskey, J. University of Edinburgh EMAIL NOT PROVIDED author Menteşe, E.Y. Anofa Engineering, Planning and Informatics Ltd. emin.mentese@anofa.co https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-4384 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Cremen, G. University College London g.cremen@ucl.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6699-7312 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Gentile, R. University College London r.gentile@ucl.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7682-4490 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Galasso, C. University College London c.galasso@ucl.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5445-4911 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Filippi, M.E. University of Bristol evangelina.filippi@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6182-9208 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Jenkins, L. University of Bristol luke.jenkins.geophys@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0422-4063 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Creed, M. University of Glasgow maggie.creed@glasgow.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6694-8994 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Watson, C.S. University of Leeds c.s.watson@leeds.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-961X ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Sinclair, H. University of Edinburgh Hugh.Sinclair@ed.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-7130 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author Pelling, M. University College London mark.pelling@ucl.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6472-9875 ORCID record ORCID is an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain a registry of unique researcher identifiers and a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to these identifiers. information author University of Edinburgh emin.mentese@anofa.co owner NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre info@eidc.ac.uk publisher NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre info@eidc.ac.uk custodian GIS digital format exposure city GEMET - Concepts, version 4.1.3 2019-01-28 creation Environmental risk risk assessment GCRF Urban Disaster Risk Hub multi-hazard virtual testbed Tomorrowville otherRestrictions no limitations otherRestrictions This resource is available under the terms of the Open Government Licence otherRestrictions If you reuse this data, you should cite: McCloskey, J., Menteşe, E.Y., Cremen, G., Gentile, R., Galasso, C., Filippi, M.E., Jenkins, L., Creed, M., Watson, C.S., Sinclair, H., Pelling, M. (2025). Virtual urban testbed representing a Global South urban setting based on Nairobi, Kenya and Kathmandu, Nepal contexts. NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre https://doi.org/10.5285/8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3 vector grid textTable English utf8 society structure 85.28 85.365 27.656 27.745 Shapefile Comma-separated values (CSV) TIFF json NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre info@eidc.ac.uk distributor https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/data/8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3 Download the data Download a copy of this data download https://data-package.ceh.ac.uk/sd/8b5834a5-ae8a-4f24-836c-16fab961aeb3.zip Supporting information Supporting information available to assist in re-use of this dataset information dataset dataset Commission Regulation (EU) No 1089/2010 of 23 November 2010 implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards interoperability of spatial data sets and services 2010-12-08 As an interdisciplinary process, knowledge and perspective of different disciplines helped us shape the characteristics holistically and enabled us to construct a comprehensive understanding of the testbed. By bringing qualitative and quantitative approaches together, it became possible to integrate both social and physical characteristics with the facilitation of urban planning and GIS disciplines. The development of Tomorrowville started in June 2021. Between June and December 2021, there have been around 30 inter-disciplinary online meetings within our research group regarding the development of Tomorrowville. The team consisted of 2 structural engineers, 4 geoscientists, 4 social scientists and a GIS expert with an urban planning background. Local researchers from Kathmandu and Nairobi had structural engineering and urban planning expertise and they provided insight into our approach which enabled us to be more realistic in terms of the spatial context we represent within Tomorrowville. The building footprints are derived from some sample data gathered from Open Street Map database and modified to fit the aims of the dataset. The exposure data is synthetic. All flood simulations are generated using Caesar-Lisflood, a landscape evolution model (LEM) that combines the hydrological and surface flow model, Lisflood-FP (Bates et al. 2010), with the CAESAR landscape evolution model (Coulthard et al. 2013). For landslide analysis digital elevation model from tri-stereo Pleiades satellite imagery is benefited. For debris-flow analysis, rainfall-driven LaharFlow dynamic hazard model is used. The vulnerability data are produced based on consultation with local partners and global vulnerability databases such as Joint Research Center’s “Global flood depth-damage functions: Methodology and the database with guidelines”. The synthetic social data was produced through bespoke algorithms that considered population characteristics and projections relevant for the area. These algorithms are developed to generate a population that would live in future urban scenario within the designed built environment. The algorithms were coded in MATLAB software environment.